Tramiprosate is a glycosaminoglycan mimetic designed to interfere with the actions of beta-amyloid peptides (Abeta) early in the cascade of amyloidogenic events. It is a patented variant of the amino acid taurine, which is reported to inhibit the interaction of Abeta with endogenous glycosaminoglycans and thereby prevent beta-sheet formation. Preclinical data have shown that tramiprosate reduces brain and plasma levels of Abeta, prevents fibril formation and exerts cytoprotective effects in the brain. The pharmacological effects have also been demonstrated in clinical trials of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Promising findings for the efficacy of tramiprosate, indicated by improvement or stabilization of cognitive function, have been shown in phase II clinical trials and open-label extensions of these studies. Furthermore, tramiprosate appears to be well tolerated with no reports of safety concerns. Tramiprosate is in phase III clinical trial for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Idebenone is a synthetic short-chain benzoquinone and a substrate for the enzyme NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) capable of stimulating mitochondrial electron transport and supplementing cellular energy levels. Idebenone was initially developed by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and other cognitive defects. This has been met with limited success. The Swiss company Santhera Pharmaceuticals has started to investigate it for the treatment of neuromuscular diseases. In 2010, early clinical trials for the treatment of Friedreich’s ataxia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy have been completed. In clinical trials, Idebenone (Raxone/Catena) had a positive impact on a measurement of respiratory function (Peak Expiratory Flow, or PEF) in non-ambulatory Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients who were not taking steroids. As of December 2013 the drug is not approved for these indications in North America or Europe. It is approved for the treatment of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) in Europe. Idebenone (Raxone) is indicated for the treatment of visual impairment in adolescent and adult patients with Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON). Because the number of patients with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy is low, the disease is considered ‘rare’, and Raxone was designated an ‘orphan medicine’ on 15 February 2007. Idebenone is thought to help improve production of energy by restoring mitochondrial function, thereby preventing the cellular damage and the loss of sight seen in LHON. Idebenone is a rapidly absorbed, safe and well-tolerated drug and is currently the only clinically proven treatment option for Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) patients.

OCTOXYNOL-1 is a nonionic surfactant that has a hydrophilic ethylene oxide chain and an aromatic hydrocarbon lipophilic or hydrophobic 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-phenyl group. OCTOXYNOL-1 is insoluble in water and soluble in common polar organic solvents. OCTOXYNOL-1 are being used in cosmetic products. Concentration of use data received from the cosmetics industry in 1999 and updated in 2001 indicate that the Octoxynols (their salts and organic acids included) are used in cosmetics at concentrations ranging from 0.0008% to 25%, and that most of the use concentrations are less than 5.0%. OCTOXYNOL-1 is a common environmental pollutant that displays weak estrogenic effects. OCTOXYNOL-1 has been shown to cause harm to the male reproductive system of vertebrates in particular among aquatic species where gonadal intersex, altered sex ratios, and reduced gonad size has been observed.

Stearic monoethanolamide (widely known as N-stearoylethanolamine, NSE) is a biologically active cell membrane component with anti-inflammatory and membrane-protective properties. Preliminary data from a model of experimental burn in rats have shown that N-stearoylethanolamine externally applied has an anti-inflammatory effect. A significant decrease of cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha) levels under the NSE action, it could be one of the mechanisms of its anti-inflammatory action. The large increase in the level of N-stearoylethanolamine in myalgic muscles may reflect an attempt by the body to counteract noxious processes and activation of nociceptors because of the myalgia. If this is the case, then compound preventing their breakdown N-stearoylethanolamine may be useful analgesics for this indication. In addition, recently was studied the therapeutic potential of NSE for prevention of cognitive disfunction caused by neuroinflammation or autoimmune reaction that allowed suggesting this drug as a candidate for the treatment or prophylaxis of Alzheimer's pathology.

Raffinose is a dextrorotatory trisaccharide, occurring in cotton seed and in the molasses of beet root, composed of d-galactose, d-glucose, and d-fructose and formed by transfer of d-galactose from UDP-d-galactose to sucrose; many seeds are rich in raffinose. Raffinose can be hydrolyzed to sucrose and galactose by the enzyme α-galactosidase (α-GAL). Humans do not possess the α-GAL enzyme in their small intestine to break down the trisaccharide. Thus bigger amounts of raffinose reach the large intestine, where bacteria of the gut flora perform the break down and produce gases. This may cause flatulence. Due to its indestigibility, raffinose is sometimes used in foods to reduce calories. Legume seeds (peas, beans, lentils) contain 5 to 15 % raffinose in their dry weight. During the production of beet sugar, major amounts of raffinose accumulate in the molasses, which can be used to produce some kinds of brown sugars. Technically, raffinose can be used as a antifreezing agent (freezing medical preparates, cryopreservation). Dietary raffinose has being shown to suppress serum immunoglobulin E response through suppression of Th2-type immune response against oral antigen in the lymphoid organs located in or near the intestine. 4.5% raffinose is an effective osmotic agent. Raffinose has being used experimentally as an osmotic agent for peritoneal dialysis. Raffinose is used in reproductive medicine. The addition of raffinose to media containing glucose improved motility of sperm stored at 3 degrees C for 6 h.

Salicyl alcohol is used as a local anesthetic and antiinflammatory. A light brown crystalline powder, stable, incompatible with acids, acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, strong oxidizing agents. It was found in bark of willow tree family and aspen Populus tremula. It is a well-known allergen in phenol-formaldehyde resins found to cause allergic contact dermatitis. Antioxidant activity of 2-hydroxybenzyl alcohol has been reported.