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Details

Stereochemistry ABSOLUTE
Molecular Formula C13H24N4O3S.C4H4O4
Molecular Weight 432.492
Optical Activity ( - )
Defined Stereocenters 1 / 1
E/Z Centers 1
Charge 0

SHOW SMILES / InChI
Structure of TIMOLOL MALEATE

SMILES

OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O.CC(C)(C)NC[C@H](O)COC1=NSN=C1N2CCOCC2

InChI

InChIKey=WLRMANUAADYWEA-NWASOUNVSA-N
InChI=1S/C13H24N4O3S.C4H4O4/c1-13(2,3)14-8-10(18)9-20-12-11(15-21-16-12)17-4-6-19-7-5-17;5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h10,14,18H,4-9H2,1-3H3;1-2H,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/b;2-1-/t10-;/m0./s1

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Molecular Formula C4H4O4
Molecular Weight 116.0722
Charge 0
Count
MOL RATIO 1 MOL RATIO (average)
Stereochemistry ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry No
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 0
E/Z Centers 1
Optical Activity NONE

Molecular Formula C13H24N4O3S
Molecular Weight 316.42
Charge 0
Count
MOL RATIO 1 MOL RATIO (average)
Stereochemistry ABSOLUTE
Additional Stereochemistry No
Defined Stereocenters 1 / 1
E/Z Centers 0
Optical Activity UNSPECIFIED

Description

Timolol is the non-selective Beta antagonist used as eye drops to treat increased pressure inside the eye such as in ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Timolol is also used for high blood pressure, chest pain due to insufficient blood flow to the heart, to prevent further complications after a heart attack, and to prevent migraines. Timolol is a beta1 and beta2 (non-selective) adrenergic receptor antagonist that does not have significant intrinsic sympathomimetic, direct myocardial depressant, or local anesthetic (membrane-stabilizing) activity. Timolol, when applied topically on the eye, has the action of reducing elevated, as well as normal intraocular pressure, whether or not accompanied by glaucoma. Elevated intraocular pressure is a major risk factor in the pathogenesis of glaucomatous visual field loss and optic nerve damage. The precise mechanism of the ocular hypotensive action of Timolol is not clearly established at this time. Tonography and fluorophotometry studies of the timolol maleate ophthalmic solution in man suggest that its predominant action may be related to the reduced aqueous formation. However, in some studies, a slight increase in outflow facility was also observed. In a study of plasma drug concentration in six subjects, the systemic exposure to timolol was determined following once daily administration of Timolol Maleate Ophthalmic Gel Forming Solution 0.5% in the morning. The mean peak plasma concentration following this morning dose was 0.28 ng/mL. Side effects, when given in the eye, include burning sensation, eye redness, superficial punctate keratopathy, corneal numbness.

CNS Activity

Originator

Approval Year

Targets

Primary TargetPharmacologyConditionPotency
0.2 nM [Kd]
7.9 nM [Ki]

Conditions

ConditionModalityTargetsHighest PhaseProduct
Primary
BETIMOL
Primary
BETIMOL
Primary
BETIMOL

Cmax

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
26 ng/mL
5 mg single, oral
TIMOLOL plasma
Homo sapiens

AUC

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
110 ng × h/mL
5 mg single, oral
TIMOLOL plasma
Homo sapiens

T1/2

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
2.4 h
5 mg single, oral
TIMOLOL plasma
Homo sapiens

Doses

AEs

Overview

CYP3A4CYP2C9CYP2D6hERG

OverviewOther

Other InhibitorOther SubstrateOther Inducer

Drug as victim

PubMed

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide
Timolol Maleate Ophthalmic Gel Forming Solution is available in concentrations of 0.25% and 0.5%. The dose is one drop of Timolol Maleate Ophthalmic Gel Forming Solution (either 0.25% or 0.5%) in the affected eye(s) once a day.
Route of Administration: Topical
In Vitro Use Guide
Immortalized human meibomian gland epithelial cells (HMGECs) (n = 2-3 wells/treatment/experiment) were cultured with multiple concentrations of pilocarpine or timolol for up to 7 days. Experiments included positive controls for proliferation (epidermal growth factor and bovine pituitary extract) and differentiation (azithromycin). Cells were enumerated using a hemocytometer and evaluated for morphology, neutral lipid staining, and lysosome accumulation. Timolol cause a dose-dependent decrease in the survival of IHMGECs.
Substance Class Chemical
Record UNII
P8Y54F701R
Record Status Validated (UNII)
Record Version