KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Details

Stereochemistry	RACEMIC
Molecular Formula	C13H16ClNO.ClH
Molecular Weight	274.186
Optical Activity	( + / - )
Defined Stereocenters	0 / 1
E/Z Centers	0
Charge	0

SHOW SMILES / InChI

Structure Search

SMILES

Cl.CNC1(CCCCC1=O)C2=C(Cl)C=CC=C2

InChI

InChIKey=VCMGMSHEPQENPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C13H16ClNO.ClH/c1-15-13(9-5-4-8-12(13)16)10-6-2-3-7-11(10)14;/h2-3,6-7,15H,4-5,8-9H2,1H3;1H

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Molecular Formula	ClH
Molecular Weight	36.461
Charge	0
Count

Stereochemistry	ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry	No
Defined Stereocenters	0 / 0
E/Z Centers	0
Optical Activity	NONE

Molecular Formula	C13H16ClNO
Molecular Weight	237.725
Charge	0
Count

Stereochemistry	RACEMIC
Additional Stereochemistry	No
Defined Stereocenters	0 / 1
E/Z Centers	0
Optical Activity	( + / - )

Description
Sources: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/016812s039lbl.pdf
Curator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23432384

Ketamine (brand name Ketalar) is a cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Ketalar is indicated as the sole anesthetic agent for diagnostic and surgical procedures that do not require skeletal muscle relaxation; also, it is indicated for the induction of anesthesia prior to the administration of other general anesthetic agents. Ketamine blocks NMDA receptors through an interaction with sites thought to be located within the ion channel pore region. However, the complete pharmacology of ketamine is more complex, and it is known to directly interact with a variety of other sites to varying degrees. Recently, it was shown that inclusion of the NR3B subunit does not alter the ketamine sensitivity of recombinant NR1/NR2 receptors expressed in oocytes. Likewise, 100 μM ketamine produced only weak inhibition of the glycine-induced current of NR1/NR3A/NR3B receptors. The side effects of ketamine noted in clinical studies include psychedelic symptoms (hallucinations, memory defects, panic attacks), nausea/vomiting, somnolence, cardiovascular stimulation and, in a minority of patients, hepatoxicity. The recreational use of ketamine is increasing and comes with a variety of additional risks ranging from bladder and renal complications to persistent psychotypical behaviour and memory defects. Ketamine was first synthesized in 1962 by Calvin Stevens at Parke-Davis Co (now Pfizer) as an alternative anesthetic to phencyclidine. It was first used in humans in 1965 by Corssen and Domino and was introduced into clinical practice by 1970.

CNS Activity

Originator

Approval Year

Targets

Primary Target	Pharmacology	Condition	Potency
Glutamate [NMDA] receptor 125 Target ID: CHEMBL2094124 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2858237	Antagonist 2778

Conditions

Condition	Modality	Targets	Highest Phase	Product
Pain 614 Sources: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/016812s039lbl.pdf	Primary		Approved 8429	KETALAR Approved Use Ketamine hydrochloride injection is indicated as the sole anesthetic agent for diagnostic and surgical procedures that do not require skeletal muscle relaxation. Ketamine hydrochloride is best suited for short procedures but it can be used, with additional doses, for longer procedures. Ketamine hydrochloride injection is indicated for the induction of anesthesia prior to the administration of other general anesthetic agents. Ketamine hydrochloride injection is indicated to supplement low-potency agents, such as nitrous oxide. Specific areas of application are described in the CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Section. Launch Date 1970

C_max

Value	Dose	Analyte	Population
2104 ng/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/	9 mg/kg single, nasal dose: 9 mg/kg route of administration: Nasal experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	KETAMINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
496 ng/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/	3 mg/kg single, nasal dose: 3 mg/kg route of administration: Nasal experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	KETAMINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
632 ng/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/	9 mg single, rectal dose: 9 mg route of administration: Rectal experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	KETAMINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

AUC

Value	Dose	Analyte	Population
148.3 mg × min/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/	3 mg/kg single, intravenous dose: 3 mg/kg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	KETAMINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
163.6 mg × min/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/	9 mg/kg single, nasal dose: 9 mg/kg route of administration: Nasal experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	KETAMINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
76.4 mg × min/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/	3 mg/kg single, nasal dose: 3 mg/kg route of administration: Nasal experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	KETAMINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
111.2 ng × min/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/	9 mg single, rectal dose: 9 mg route of administration: Rectal experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	KETAMINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

T_1/2

Value	Dose	Analyte	Population
125 min EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/	3 mg/kg single, intravenous dose: 3 mg/kg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	KETAMINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
120 min EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/	9 mg/kg single, nasal dose: 9 mg/kg route of administration: Nasal experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	KETAMINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
123 min EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/	3 mg/kg single, nasal dose: 3 mg/kg route of administration: Nasal experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	KETAMINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
100 min EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/	9 mg single, rectal dose: 9 mg route of administration: Rectal experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	KETAMINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

Doses

Dose	Population	Adverse events
0.5 mg/kg 1 times / day single, intravenous Studied dose Dose: 0.5 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.5 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29501990/	unhealthy, 18-65 years n = 126 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: major depressive disorder \| bipolar disorder Age Group: 18-65 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 126 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29501990/	Other AEs: Dissociation... Other AEs: Dissociation Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29501990/
14 mg 8 times / day single, intranasal Highest studied dose Dose: 14 mg, 8 times / day Route: intranasal Route: single Dose: 14 mg, 8 times / day Sources: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/product-information/spravato-epar-product-information_en.pdf https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2019/211243Orig1s000OtherR.pdf	healthy, adult n = 34 Health Status: healthy Age Group: adult Sex: M Population Size: 34 Sources: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/product-information/spravato-epar-product-information_en.pdf https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2019/211243Orig1s000OtherR.pdf	Other AEs: Dizziness, Hyperhidrosis... Other AEs: Dizziness Hyperhidrosis Somnolence Hypoaesthesia Feeling abnormal Nausea Vomiting Sources: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/product-information/spravato-epar-product-information_en.pdf https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2019/211243Orig1s000OtherR.pdf
50 mg single, intranasal Dose: 50 mg Route: intranasal Route: single Dose: 50 mg Sources: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01304147	unhealthy n = 19 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 19 Sources: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01304147	Other AEs: Numbness, Blurred vision... Other AEs: Numbness (below serious, 2 patients) Blurred vision (below serious, 1 patient) Decreased appetite (below serious, 1 patient) Irritable (below serious, 1 patient) Sources: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01304147
0.1 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.1 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.1 mg/kg Sources: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01920555	unhealthy n = 18 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 18 Sources: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01920555	Other AEs: Headache, Nausea... Other AEs: Headache (below serious, 3 patients) Nausea (below serious, 2 patients) Vomiting (below serious, 1 patient) Depression (below serious, 1 patient) Diarrhea (below serious, 1 patient) Insomnia (below serious, 1 patient) Pain in extremity (below serious, 1 patient) Poor quality sleep (below serious, 1 patient) Suicidal ideation (below serious, 1 patient) Flushing (below serious, 1 patient) Hot flush (below serious, 1 patient) Increased appetite (below serious, 1 patient) White blood cell count decreased (below serious, 1 patient) Sources: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01920555
0.2 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Sources: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01920555	unhealthy n = 20 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 20 Sources: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01920555	Other AEs: Suicide attempt, Headache... Other AEs: Suicide attempt (serious, 1 patient) Headache (below serious, 2 patients) Vomiting (below serious, 1 patient) Depression (below serious, 1 patient) Dyspepsia (below serious, 2 patients) Tachycardia (below serious, 1 patient) Asthenia (below serious, 1 patient) Dermatitis contact (below serious, 1 patient) Fall (below serious, 1 patient) Hepatic enzyme increased (below serious, 1 patient) Loss of consciousness (below serious, 1 patient) Malaise (below serious, 1 patient) Overdose (below serious, 1 patient) Presyncope (below serious, 1 patient) Viral upper respiratory tract infection (below serious, 1 patient) Sources: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01920555
0.5 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Sources: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01920555	unhealthy n = 22 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 22 Sources: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01920555	Other AEs: Headache, Nausea... Other AEs: Headache (below serious, 1 patient) Nausea (below serious, 3 patients) Vomiting (below serious, 1 patient) Depression (below serious, 1 patient) Diarrhea (below serious, 1 patient) Pain in extremity (below serious, 1 patient) Suicidal ideation (below serious, 1 patient) Tooth abscess (below serious, 1 patient) Cough (below serious, 1 patient) Respiratory tract infection (below serious, 1 patient) Vertigo (below serious, 1 patient) Sources: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01920555
0.5 mg/kg single, oral Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Sources: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01680172	unhealthy n = 3 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Depression and Anxiety\|Cancer Population Size: 3 Sources: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01680172	Other AEs: Headache, Chest pain... Other AEs: Headache (below serious, 2 patients) Chest pain (below serious, 1 patient) Sources: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01680172
1 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 1 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 1 mg/kg Sources: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01920555	unhealthy n = 20 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 20 Sources: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01920555	Other AEs: Headache, Nausea... Other AEs: Headache (below serious, 3 patients) Nausea (below serious, 3 patients) Vomiting (below serious, 1 patient) Blood pressure increased (below serious, 2 patients) Insomnia (below serious, 1 patient) Poor quality sleep (below serious, 1 patient) Tachycardia (below serious, 1 patient) Dissociation (below serious, 1 patient) Dizziness (below serious, 1 patient) Hypertension (below serious, 1 patient) Upper respiratory tract infection (below serious, 1 patient) Sources: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01920555
2.55 mg/kg single, intravenous (total daily dose) Dose: 2.55 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 2.55 mg/kg Sources: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01089361	unhealthy n = 10 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Sepsis Population Size: 10 Sources: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01089361	Other AEs: Pericardial effusion, Ventricular tachycardia... Other AEs: Pericardial effusion (serious, 1 patient) Ventricular tachycardia (serious, 1 patient) Delirium (below serious, 1 patient) Sources: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01089361

AEs

Overview

CYP3A4	CYP2C9	CYP2D6	hERG
substrate 1737 inducer 781	substrate 1037		inhibitor 1612

OverviewOther

Other Inhibitor	Other Substrate	Other Inducer
OCT1 512 OCT2 647 OCT3 150	CYP2B6 664	CYP1A2 701 CYP2B6 547

Drug as perpetrator

Target	Modality	Activity	Clinical evidence
CYP1A2 1692	inducer 1573 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4443184/	likely	unlikely (co-administration study) Comment: Compared ketamine group with the control group, there were no significant difference for AUC of metroprolol, omeprazole and tolbutamide, it show that the ketamine may not induce or inhibit the activity of CYP1A2, CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 enzyme Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4443184/
CYP2B6 1001	inducer 1573 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4443184/	likely	unlikely (co-administration study) Comment: Compared ketamine group with the control group, there were no significant difference for AUC of metroprolol, omeprazole and tolbutamide, it show that the ketamine may not induce or inhibit the activity of CYP1A2, CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 enzyme Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4443184/
CYP3A4 1925	inducer 1573 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4443184/	likely	unlikely (co-administration study) Comment: Compared ketamine group with the control group, there were no significant difference for AUC of metroprolol, omeprazole and tolbutamide, it show that the ketamine may not induce or inhibit the activity of CYP1A2, CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 enzyme Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4443184/
OCT1 543	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16581093/	yes [Ki 114.5 uM]
OCT2 648	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16581093/	yes [Ki 22.7 uM]
OCT3 150	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16581093/	yes [Ki 225.7 uM]

Drug as victim

Target	Modality	Activity
CYP2B6 664	substrate 3367 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2020/016812Orig1s046lbl.pdf#page=12 Page: 12.0	yes
CYP2C9 1037	substrate 3367 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4443184/	yes
CYP3A4 1737	substrate 3367 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2020/016812Orig1s046lbl.pdf#page=12 Page: 12.0	yes

Tox targets

Target	Modality	Activity	Metabolite	Clinical evidence
hERG 1647	inhibitor 1626 Sources: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jphp.12095

Sourcing

Vendor/Aggregator	ID	URL
ChEBI	CHEBI:6121	https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:6121
ChemicalBook	CB12463567	https://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB12463567
ChemicalBook	CB32728970	https://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB32728970

PubMed

Title	Date	PubMed
Electroencephalographic study of children during ketamine anesthesia.	1976	1266554
Effects of halothane anesthesia on the biodisposition of ketamine in rats.	1976 Mar	1263110
Venodilator effects of adenosine triphosphate and sodium nitroprusside; comparisons during controlled hypotension.	1987 Sep 1	15235850
Emergence delirium following oral ketamine.	1992 Sep	1519802
Interaction of ketamine with mu2 opioid receptors in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells.	1999	14530949
Search of antimicrobial activity of selected non-antibiotic drugs.	2002 Nov-Dec	12669766
Schizophrenia, VIII: pharmacologic models.	2003 Dec	14638574
Ketamine for refractory status epilepticus: a case of possible ketamine-induced neurotoxicity.	2003 Feb	12609230
Cold allodynia and hyperalgesia in neuropathic pain: the effect of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine--a double-blind, cross-over comparison with alfentanil and placebo.	2003 Feb	12583865
[Anaesthesia for caesarean section. Comparison of two general anaesthetic regimens and spinal anaesthesia].	2003 Jan	12577162
Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial of the effect of ketamine on postoperative morphine consumption in children following appendicectomy.	2003 Jun	12791116
Effects of different subanaesthetic doses of (S)-ketamine on psychopathology and binocular depth inversion in man.	2003 Mar	12680739
Pretreatment with intravenous ketamine reduces propofol injection pain.	2003 Nov	14617116
Preprocedural fasting state and adverse events in children undergoing procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric emergency department.	2003 Nov	14581915
Synergistic antinociceptive effects of ketamine and morphine in the orofacial capsaicin test in the rat.	2003 Oct	14508333
The effect of variable-dose diazepam on dreaming and emergence phenomena in 400 cases of ketamine-fentanyl anaesthesia.	2003 Sep	12911367
Phenyl-tetrazolyl acetophenones: discovery of positive allosteric potentiatiors for the metabotropic glutamate 2 receptor.	2004 Aug 26	15317469
The neuromatrix and the epileptic brain: behavioral and learning preservation in limbic epileptic rats treated with ketamine but not acepromazine.	2004 Feb	14751217
Acute effects of ketamine on memory systems and psychotic symptoms in healthy volunteers.	2004 Jan	14603267
[Expression of HSP70 induced by ketamine in the hippocampus of rat at different ages].	2004 Jul	15291108
Influence of different anaesthetics on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in rat spleen.	2004 Jul	15207038
Influence of O(3)/O(2)-pneumoperitoneum as an oxidative stressor on duration of anaesthesia, loss of different reflexes and cytokine mRNA expression.	2004 Jul	15207037
The development and maintenance of human visceral pain hypersensitivity is dependent on the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor.	2004 Mar	14988822
Ketamine impairs response inhibition and is positively reinforcing in healthy volunteers: a dose-response study.	2004 Mar	14727004
Normal spatial and contextual learning for ketamine-treated rats in the pilocarpine epilepsy model.	2004 May	15159140
Postanesthetic cerebellar dysfunction in cats.	2004 May-Jun	15188828
Preemptive ketamine during general anesthesia for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.	2004 Oct	15516884
Intravenous ketamine infusion as an adjuvant to morphine in a 2-year-old with severe cancer pain from metastatic neuroblastoma.	2004 Oct	15454842
Caudal analgesia in children: S(+)-ketamine vs S(+)-ketamine plus clonidine.	2004 Oct	15385014
Ketamine reduces lidocaine-induced seizures in mice.	2005 Aug	16040365
Ketamine pretreatment with venous occlusion attenuates pain on injection with propofol.	2005 Jan	15816578
Comparison of ephedrine and ketamine in prevention of injection pain and hypotension due to propofol induction.	2005 Jan	15816573
Ketamine and postoperative pain--a quantitative systematic review of randomised trials.	2005 Jan	15621365
Participation of adenosine system in the ketamine-induced motor activity in mice.	2005 Jan-Feb	15849377
Remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia and its prevention with small-dose ketamine.	2005 Jul	15983467
Safety of mixture of morphine with ketamine for postoperative patient-controlled analgesia: an audit with 1026 patients.	2005 Jul	15954974
Naloxone increases ketamine-induced hyperactivity in the open field in female rats.	2005 Jul	15936807
Ketamine and amphetamine both enhance synaptic transmission in the amygdala-nucleus accumbens pathway but with different time-courses.	2005 Jul	15858833
Adverse events associated with procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric emergency department: a comparison of common parenteral drugs.	2005 Jun	15930401
The anesthetics nitrous oxide and ketamine are more neurotoxic to old than to young rat brain.	2005 Jun	15718054
Severe refractory status epilepticus owing to presumed encephalitis.	2005 Mar	15832606
Characterization of morphine-induced hyperalgesia in male and female rats.	2005 Mar	15733632
Effect of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor epsilon1 subunit gene disruption of the action of general anesthetic drugs in mice.	2005 Mar	15731593
Ketamine inhibits LPS-induced tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in an equine macrophage cell line.	2005 Mar-Apr	15720977
Peri-operative ketamine for acute post-operative pain: a quantitative and qualitative systematic review (Cochrane review).	2005 Nov	16223384
Cortical glutamate-dopamine interaction and ketamine-induced psychotic symptoms in man.	2005 Nov	16001106
[Comparison of the suppressive effects of tramadol and low-dose ketamine on the patients with postoperative hyperalgesia after remifentanil-based anaesthesia].	2005 Oct	16285546
Topical amitriptyline and ketamine in neuropathic pain syndromes: an open-label study.	2005 Oct	16202956
Ischemic brain damage after ketamine and xylazine treatment in a young laboratory monkey (Macaca fascicularis).	2005 Sep	16138776
Induction of rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 by ketamine and its toxicological implications.	2005 Sep	16076768

Patents

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide

Intravenous Route: The initial dose of Ketalar (ketamine hydrochloride injection) administered intravenously may range from 1 mg/kg to 4.5 mg/kg (0.5 to 2 mg/lb). The average amount required to produce five to ten minutes of surgical anesthesia has been 2 mg/kg (1 mg/lb). Intramuscular Route: The initial dose of Ketalar administered intramuscularly may range from 6.5 to 13 mg/kg (3 to 6 mg/lb). A dose of 10 mg/kg (5 mg/lb) will usually produce 12 to 25 minutes of surgical anesthesia.

Route of Administration: Other

In Vitro Use Guide

Primary cultures of cortical neurons treated with ketamine (10 μM-10mM) at 3 days-in vitro (3 DIV) displayed a concentration-dependent decrease in expanded growth cones

Substance Class	Chemical Created by `admin` on `Fri Dec 15 16:35:08 GMT 2023` Edited by `admin` on `Fri Dec 15 16:35:08 GMT 2023`
Record UNII	O18YUO0I83
Record Status	`Validated (UNII)`
Record Version

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Name

Type

Language

KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Official Name

English

KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE [MI]

Common Name

English

CI-581

Code

English

CN-523722

Code

English

KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE [WHO-IP]

Common Name

English

CYCLOHEXANONE, 2-(2-CHLOROPHENYL)-2-(METHYLAMINO)-, HYDROCHLORIDE (1:1)

Systematic Name

English

VETALAR

Brand Name

English

2-(2-CHLOROPHENYL)-2-(METHYLAMINO)CYCLOHEXANONE HYDROCHLORIDE

Systematic Name

English

KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE [EP MONOGRAPH]

Common Name

English

KETAMINE (AS HYDROCHLORIDE)

Common Name

English

SPECIAL K

Common Name

English

KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE [EP IMPURITY]

Common Name

English

KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE [USAN]

Common Name

English

KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE [MART.]

Common Name

English

KETAMINE HCL

Common Name

English

CL 369

Code

English

KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE CIII

Common Name

English

KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE CIII [USP-RS]

Common Name

English

KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE [USP MONOGRAPH]

Common Name

English

(±)-2-(O-CHLOROPHENYL)-2-(METHYLAMINO)CYCLOHEXANONE HYDROCHLORIDE

Systematic Name

English

KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE [GREEN BOOK]

Common Name

English

CN-52372-2

Code

English

KETAMINI HYDROCHLORIDUM [WHO-IP LATIN]

Common Name

English

KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE [VANDF]

Common Name

English

KETALAR

Brand Name

English

CL-369

Code

English

KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE [ORANGE BOOK]

Common Name

English

CN-52,372-2

Code

English

KETASET

Brand Name

English

Ketamine hydrochloride [WHO-DD]

Common Name

English

CYCLOHEXANONE, 2-(O-CHLOROPHENYL)-2-(METHYLAMINO)-, HYDROCHLORIDE, (±)-

Common Name

English

KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE [JAN]

Common Name

English

Classification Tree Code System Code

FDA ORPHAN DRUG

860021