Details
| Stereochemistry | ABSOLUTE |
| Molecular Formula | C13H16ClNO.ClH |
| Molecular Weight | 274.186 |
| Optical Activity | ( - ) |
| Defined Stereocenters | 1 / 1 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
Cl.CN[C@]1(CCCCC1=O)C2=C(Cl)C=CC=C2
InChI
InChIKey=VCMGMSHEPQENPE-BTQNPOSSSA-N
InChI=1S/C13H16ClNO.ClH/c1-15-13(9-5-4-8-12(13)16)10-6-2-3-7-11(10)14;/h2-3,6-7,15H,4-5,8-9H2,1H3;1H/t13-;/m1./s1
| Molecular Formula | ClH |
| Molecular Weight | 36.461 |
| Charge | 0 |
| Count |
|
| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Additional Stereochemistry | No |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
| Molecular Formula | C13H16ClNO |
| Molecular Weight | 237.725 |
| Charge | 0 |
| Count |
|
| Stereochemistry | ABSOLUTE |
| Additional Stereochemistry | No |
| Defined Stereocenters | 1 / 1 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Optical Activity | UNSPECIFIED |
DescriptionCurator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23432384
Curator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23432384
Ketamine (brand name Ketalar) is a cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Ketalar is indicated as the sole anesthetic agent for diagnostic and surgical procedures that do not require skeletal muscle relaxation; also, it is indicated for the induction of anesthesia prior to the administration of other general anesthetic agents. Ketamine blocks NMDA receptors through an interaction with sites thought to be located within the ion channel pore region. However, the complete pharmacology of ketamine is more complex, and it is known to directly interact with a variety of other sites to varying degrees. Recently, it was shown that inclusion of the NR3B subunit does not alter the ketamine sensitivity of recombinant NR1/NR2 receptors expressed in oocytes. Likewise, 100 μM ketamine produced only weak inhibition of the glycine-induced current of NR1/NR3A/NR3B receptors. The side effects of ketamine noted in clinical studies include psychedelic symptoms (hallucinations, memory defects, panic attacks), nausea/vomiting, somnolence, cardiovascular stimulation and, in a minority of patients, hepatoxicity. The recreational use of ketamine is increasing and comes with a variety of additional risks ranging from bladder and renal complications to persistent psychotypical behaviour and memory defects. Ketamine was first synthesized in 1962 by Calvin Stevens at Parke-Davis Co (now Pfizer) as an alternative anesthetic to phencyclidine. It was first used in humans in 1965 by Corssen and Domino and was introduced into clinical practice by 1970.
Originator
Curator's Comment: Ketamine was first synthesized in 1962 by Calvin Stevens at Parke-Davis Co (now Pfizer) as an alternative anesthetic to phencyclidine. It was first used in humans in 1965 by Corssen and Domino and was introduced into clinical practice by 1970. # in 1962 Calvin Stevens at Parke-Davis Co (now Pfizer)
Approval Year
Targets
| Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
|---|---|---|---|
Target ID: CHEMBL2094124 |
Conditions
| Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | KETALAR Approved UseKetamine hydrochloride injection is indicated as the sole anesthetic agent for diagnostic and surgical procedures that do not require skeletal muscle relaxation. Ketamine hydrochloride is best suited for short procedures but it can be used, with additional doses, for longer procedures. Ketamine hydrochloride injection is indicated for the induction of anesthesia prior to the administration of other general anesthetic agents. Ketamine hydrochloride injection is indicated to supplement low-potency agents, such as nitrous oxide. Specific areas of application are described in the CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Section. Launch Date1970 |
Cmax
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
2104 ng/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/ |
9 mg/kg single, nasal dose: 9 mg/kg route of administration: Nasal experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
KETAMINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
|
496 ng/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/ |
3 mg/kg single, nasal dose: 3 mg/kg route of administration: Nasal experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
KETAMINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
|
632 ng/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/ |
9 mg single, rectal dose: 9 mg route of administration: Rectal experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
KETAMINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
AUC
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
148.3 mg × min/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/ |
3 mg/kg single, intravenous dose: 3 mg/kg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
KETAMINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
|
163.6 mg × min/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/ |
9 mg/kg single, nasal dose: 9 mg/kg route of administration: Nasal experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
KETAMINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
|
76.4 mg × min/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/ |
3 mg/kg single, nasal dose: 3 mg/kg route of administration: Nasal experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
KETAMINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
|
111.2 ng × min/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/ |
9 mg single, rectal dose: 9 mg route of administration: Rectal experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
KETAMINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
T1/2
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
125 min EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/ |
3 mg/kg single, intravenous dose: 3 mg/kg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
KETAMINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
|
120 min EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/ |
9 mg/kg single, nasal dose: 9 mg/kg route of administration: Nasal experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
KETAMINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
|
123 min EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/ |
3 mg/kg single, nasal dose: 3 mg/kg route of administration: Nasal experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
KETAMINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
|
100 min EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/ |
9 mg single, rectal dose: 9 mg route of administration: Rectal experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
KETAMINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
Doses
| Dose | Population | Adverse events |
|---|---|---|
0.5 mg/kg 1 times / day single, intravenous Studied dose Dose: 0.5 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.5 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 18-65 years n = 126 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: major depressive disorder | bipolar disorder Age Group: 18-65 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 126 Sources: |
Other AEs: Dissociation... |
14 mg 8 times / day single, intranasal Highest studied dose Dose: 14 mg, 8 times / day Route: intranasal Route: single Dose: 14 mg, 8 times / day Sources: |
healthy, adult n = 34 Health Status: healthy Age Group: adult Sex: M Population Size: 34 Sources: |
Other AEs: Dizziness, Hyperhidrosis... Other AEs: Dizziness Sources: Hyperhidrosis Somnolence Hypoaesthesia Feeling abnormal Nausea Vomiting |
50 mg single, intranasal Dose: 50 mg Route: intranasal Route: single Dose: 50 mg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 19 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 19 Sources: |
Other AEs: Numbness, Blurred vision... Other AEs: Numbness (below serious, 2 patients) Sources: Blurred vision (below serious, 1 patient) Decreased appetite (below serious, 1 patient) Irritable (below serious, 1 patient) |
0.1 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.1 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.1 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 18 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 18 Sources: |
Other AEs: Headache, Nausea... Other AEs: Headache (below serious, 3 patients) Sources: Nausea (below serious, 2 patients) Vomiting (below serious, 1 patient) Depression (below serious, 1 patient) Diarrhea (below serious, 1 patient) Insomnia (below serious, 1 patient) Pain in extremity (below serious, 1 patient) Poor quality sleep (below serious, 1 patient) Suicidal ideation (below serious, 1 patient) Flushing (below serious, 1 patient) Hot flush (below serious, 1 patient) Increased appetite (below serious, 1 patient) White blood cell count decreased (below serious, 1 patient) |
0.2 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 20 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 20 Sources: |
Other AEs: Suicide attempt, Headache... Other AEs: Suicide attempt (serious, 1 patient) Sources: Headache (below serious, 2 patients) Vomiting (below serious, 1 patient) Depression (below serious, 1 patient) Dyspepsia (below serious, 2 patients) Tachycardia (below serious, 1 patient) Asthenia (below serious, 1 patient) Dermatitis contact (below serious, 1 patient) Fall (below serious, 1 patient) Hepatic enzyme increased (below serious, 1 patient) Loss of consciousness (below serious, 1 patient) Malaise (below serious, 1 patient) Overdose (below serious, 1 patient) Presyncope (below serious, 1 patient) Viral upper respiratory tract infection (below serious, 1 patient) |
0.5 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 22 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 22 Sources: |
Other AEs: Headache, Nausea... Other AEs: Headache (below serious, 1 patient) Sources: Nausea (below serious, 3 patients) Vomiting (below serious, 1 patient) Depression (below serious, 1 patient) Diarrhea (below serious, 1 patient) Pain in extremity (below serious, 1 patient) Suicidal ideation (below serious, 1 patient) Tooth abscess (below serious, 1 patient) Cough (below serious, 1 patient) Respiratory tract infection (below serious, 1 patient) Vertigo (below serious, 1 patient) |
0.5 mg/kg single, oral Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 3 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Depression and Anxiety|Cancer Population Size: 3 Sources: |
Other AEs: Headache, Chest pain... Other AEs: Headache (below serious, 2 patients) Sources: Chest pain (below serious, 1 patient) |
1 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 1 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 1 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 20 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 20 Sources: |
Other AEs: Headache, Nausea... Other AEs: Headache (below serious, 3 patients) Sources: Nausea (below serious, 3 patients) Vomiting (below serious, 1 patient) Blood pressure increased (below serious, 2 patients) Insomnia (below serious, 1 patient) Poor quality sleep (below serious, 1 patient) Tachycardia (below serious, 1 patient) Dissociation (below serious, 1 patient) Dizziness (below serious, 1 patient) Hypertension (below serious, 1 patient) Upper respiratory tract infection (below serious, 1 patient) |
2.55 mg/kg single, intravenous (total daily dose) Dose: 2.55 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 2.55 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 10 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Sepsis Population Size: 10 Sources: |
Other AEs: Pericardial effusion, Ventricular tachycardia... Other AEs: Pericardial effusion (serious, 1 patient) Sources: Ventricular tachycardia (serious, 1 patient) Delirium (below serious, 1 patient) |
AEs
| AE | Significance | Dose | Population |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dissociation | 0.5 mg/kg 1 times / day single, intravenous Studied dose Dose: 0.5 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.5 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 18-65 years n = 126 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: major depressive disorder | bipolar disorder Age Group: 18-65 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 126 Sources: |
|
| Dizziness | 14 mg 8 times / day single, intranasal Highest studied dose Dose: 14 mg, 8 times / day Route: intranasal Route: single Dose: 14 mg, 8 times / day Sources: |
healthy, adult n = 34 Health Status: healthy Age Group: adult Sex: M Population Size: 34 Sources: |
|
| Feeling abnormal | 14 mg 8 times / day single, intranasal Highest studied dose Dose: 14 mg, 8 times / day Route: intranasal Route: single Dose: 14 mg, 8 times / day Sources: |
healthy, adult n = 34 Health Status: healthy Age Group: adult Sex: M Population Size: 34 Sources: |
|
| Hyperhidrosis | 14 mg 8 times / day single, intranasal Highest studied dose Dose: 14 mg, 8 times / day Route: intranasal Route: single Dose: 14 mg, 8 times / day Sources: |
healthy, adult n = 34 Health Status: healthy Age Group: adult Sex: M Population Size: 34 Sources: |
|
| Hypoaesthesia | 14 mg 8 times / day single, intranasal Highest studied dose Dose: 14 mg, 8 times / day Route: intranasal Route: single Dose: 14 mg, 8 times / day Sources: |
healthy, adult n = 34 Health Status: healthy Age Group: adult Sex: M Population Size: 34 Sources: |
|
| Nausea | 14 mg 8 times / day single, intranasal Highest studied dose Dose: 14 mg, 8 times / day Route: intranasal Route: single Dose: 14 mg, 8 times / day Sources: |
healthy, adult n = 34 Health Status: healthy Age Group: adult Sex: M Population Size: 34 Sources: |
|
| Somnolence | 14 mg 8 times / day single, intranasal Highest studied dose Dose: 14 mg, 8 times / day Route: intranasal Route: single Dose: 14 mg, 8 times / day Sources: |
healthy, adult n = 34 Health Status: healthy Age Group: adult Sex: M Population Size: 34 Sources: |
|
| Vomiting | 14 mg 8 times / day single, intranasal Highest studied dose Dose: 14 mg, 8 times / day Route: intranasal Route: single Dose: 14 mg, 8 times / day Sources: |
healthy, adult n = 34 Health Status: healthy Age Group: adult Sex: M Population Size: 34 Sources: |
|
| Blurred vision | below serious, 1 patient | 50 mg single, intranasal Dose: 50 mg Route: intranasal Route: single Dose: 50 mg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 19 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 19 Sources: |
| Decreased appetite | below serious, 1 patient | 50 mg single, intranasal Dose: 50 mg Route: intranasal Route: single Dose: 50 mg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 19 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 19 Sources: |
| Irritable | below serious, 1 patient | 50 mg single, intranasal Dose: 50 mg Route: intranasal Route: single Dose: 50 mg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 19 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 19 Sources: |
| Numbness | below serious, 2 patients | 50 mg single, intranasal Dose: 50 mg Route: intranasal Route: single Dose: 50 mg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 19 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 19 Sources: |
| Depression | below serious, 1 patient | 0.1 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.1 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.1 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 18 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 18 Sources: |
| Diarrhea | below serious, 1 patient | 0.1 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.1 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.1 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 18 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 18 Sources: |
| Flushing | below serious, 1 patient | 0.1 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.1 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.1 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 18 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 18 Sources: |
| Hot flush | below serious, 1 patient | 0.1 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.1 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.1 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 18 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 18 Sources: |
| Increased appetite | below serious, 1 patient | 0.1 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.1 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.1 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 18 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 18 Sources: |
| Insomnia | below serious, 1 patient | 0.1 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.1 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.1 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 18 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 18 Sources: |
| Pain in extremity | below serious, 1 patient | 0.1 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.1 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.1 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 18 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 18 Sources: |
| Poor quality sleep | below serious, 1 patient | 0.1 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.1 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.1 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 18 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 18 Sources: |
| Suicidal ideation | below serious, 1 patient | 0.1 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.1 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.1 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 18 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 18 Sources: |
| Vomiting | below serious, 1 patient | 0.1 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.1 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.1 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 18 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 18 Sources: |
| White blood cell count decreased | below serious, 1 patient | 0.1 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.1 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.1 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 18 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 18 Sources: |
| Nausea | below serious, 2 patients | 0.1 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.1 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.1 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 18 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 18 Sources: |
| Headache | below serious, 3 patients | 0.1 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.1 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.1 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 18 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 18 Sources: |
| Asthenia | below serious, 1 patient | 0.2 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 20 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 20 Sources: |
| Depression | below serious, 1 patient | 0.2 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 20 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 20 Sources: |
| Dermatitis contact | below serious, 1 patient | 0.2 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 20 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 20 Sources: |
| Fall | below serious, 1 patient | 0.2 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 20 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 20 Sources: |
| Hepatic enzyme increased | below serious, 1 patient | 0.2 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 20 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 20 Sources: |
| Loss of consciousness | below serious, 1 patient | 0.2 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 20 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 20 Sources: |
| Malaise | below serious, 1 patient | 0.2 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 20 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 20 Sources: |
| Overdose | below serious, 1 patient | 0.2 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 20 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 20 Sources: |
| Presyncope | below serious, 1 patient | 0.2 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 20 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 20 Sources: |
| Tachycardia | below serious, 1 patient | 0.2 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 20 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 20 Sources: |
| Viral upper respiratory tract infection | below serious, 1 patient | 0.2 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 20 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 20 Sources: |
| Vomiting | below serious, 1 patient | 0.2 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 20 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 20 Sources: |
| Dyspepsia | below serious, 2 patients | 0.2 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 20 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 20 Sources: |
| Headache | below serious, 2 patients | 0.2 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 20 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 20 Sources: |
| Suicide attempt | serious, 1 patient | 0.2 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.2 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 20 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 20 Sources: |
| Cough | below serious, 1 patient | 0.5 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 22 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 22 Sources: |
| Depression | below serious, 1 patient | 0.5 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 22 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 22 Sources: |
| Diarrhea | below serious, 1 patient | 0.5 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 22 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 22 Sources: |
| Headache | below serious, 1 patient | 0.5 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 22 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 22 Sources: |
| Pain in extremity | below serious, 1 patient | 0.5 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 22 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 22 Sources: |
| Respiratory tract infection | below serious, 1 patient | 0.5 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 22 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 22 Sources: |
| Suicidal ideation | below serious, 1 patient | 0.5 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 22 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 22 Sources: |
| Tooth abscess | below serious, 1 patient | 0.5 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 22 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 22 Sources: |
| Vertigo | below serious, 1 patient | 0.5 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 22 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 22 Sources: |
| Vomiting | below serious, 1 patient | 0.5 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 22 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 22 Sources: |
| Nausea | below serious, 3 patients | 0.5 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 22 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 22 Sources: |
| Chest pain | below serious, 1 patient | 0.5 mg/kg single, oral Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 3 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Depression and Anxiety|Cancer Population Size: 3 Sources: |
| Headache | below serious, 2 patients | 0.5 mg/kg single, oral Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 0.5 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 3 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Depression and Anxiety|Cancer Population Size: 3 Sources: |
| Dissociation | below serious, 1 patient | 1 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 1 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 1 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 20 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 20 Sources: |
| Dizziness | below serious, 1 patient | 1 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 1 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 1 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 20 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 20 Sources: |
| Hypertension | below serious, 1 patient | 1 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 1 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 1 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 20 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 20 Sources: |
| Insomnia | below serious, 1 patient | 1 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 1 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 1 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 20 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 20 Sources: |
| Poor quality sleep | below serious, 1 patient | 1 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 1 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 1 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 20 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 20 Sources: |
| Tachycardia | below serious, 1 patient | 1 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 1 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 1 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 20 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 20 Sources: |
| Upper respiratory tract infection | below serious, 1 patient | 1 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 1 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 1 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 20 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 20 Sources: |
| Vomiting | below serious, 1 patient | 1 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 1 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 1 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 20 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 20 Sources: |
| Blood pressure increased | below serious, 2 patients | 1 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 1 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 1 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 20 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 20 Sources: |
| Headache | below serious, 3 patients | 1 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 1 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 1 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 20 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 20 Sources: |
| Nausea | below serious, 3 patients | 1 mg/kg single, intravenous Dose: 1 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 1 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 20 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Treatment-Resistant Depression Population Size: 20 Sources: |
| Delirium | below serious, 1 patient | 2.55 mg/kg single, intravenous (total daily dose) Dose: 2.55 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 2.55 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 10 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Sepsis Population Size: 10 Sources: |
| Pericardial effusion | serious, 1 patient | 2.55 mg/kg single, intravenous (total daily dose) Dose: 2.55 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 2.55 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 10 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Sepsis Population Size: 10 Sources: |
| Ventricular tachycardia | serious, 1 patient | 2.55 mg/kg single, intravenous (total daily dose) Dose: 2.55 mg/kg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 2.55 mg/kg Sources: |
unhealthy n = 10 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Sepsis Population Size: 10 Sources: |
Overview
| CYP3A4 | CYP2C9 | CYP2D6 | hERG |
|---|---|---|---|
Drug as perpetrator
| Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| likely | unlikely (co-administration study) Comment: Compared ketamine group with the control group, there were no significant difference for AUC of metroprolol, omeprazole and tolbutamide, it show that the ketamine may not induce or inhibit the activity of CYP1A2, CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 enzyme |
|||
| likely | unlikely (co-administration study) Comment: Compared ketamine group with the control group, there were no significant difference for AUC of metroprolol, omeprazole and tolbutamide, it show that the ketamine may not induce or inhibit the activity of CYP1A2, CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 enzyme |
|||
| likely | unlikely (co-administration study) Comment: Compared ketamine group with the control group, there were no significant difference for AUC of metroprolol, omeprazole and tolbutamide, it show that the ketamine may not induce or inhibit the activity of CYP1A2, CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 enzyme |
|||
| yes [Ki 114.5 uM] | ||||
| yes [Ki 22.7 uM] | ||||
| yes [Ki 225.7 uM] |
Drug as victim
| Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| yes | ||||
| yes | ||||
| yes |
Tox targets
| Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
PubMed
| Title | Date | PubMed |
|---|---|---|
| Electroencephalographic study of children during ketamine anesthesia. | 1976 |
|
| Effects of halothane anesthesia on the biodisposition of ketamine in rats. | 1976 Mar |
|
| Venodilator effects of adenosine triphosphate and sodium nitroprusside; comparisons during controlled hypotension. | 1987 Sep 1 |
|
| Emergence delirium following oral ketamine. | 1992 Sep |
|
| Interaction of ketamine with mu2 opioid receptors in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. | 1999 |
|
| Search of antimicrobial activity of selected non-antibiotic drugs. | 2002 Nov-Dec |
|
| Schizophrenia, VIII: pharmacologic models. | 2003 Dec |
|
| Ketamine for refractory status epilepticus: a case of possible ketamine-induced neurotoxicity. | 2003 Feb |
|
| Cold allodynia and hyperalgesia in neuropathic pain: the effect of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine--a double-blind, cross-over comparison with alfentanil and placebo. | 2003 Feb |
|
| [Anaesthesia for caesarean section. Comparison of two general anaesthetic regimens and spinal anaesthesia]. | 2003 Jan |
|
| Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial of the effect of ketamine on postoperative morphine consumption in children following appendicectomy. | 2003 Jun |
|
| Effects of different subanaesthetic doses of (S)-ketamine on psychopathology and binocular depth inversion in man. | 2003 Mar |
|
| Pretreatment with intravenous ketamine reduces propofol injection pain. | 2003 Nov |
|
| Preprocedural fasting state and adverse events in children undergoing procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric emergency department. | 2003 Nov |
|
| Synergistic antinociceptive effects of ketamine and morphine in the orofacial capsaicin test in the rat. | 2003 Oct |
|
| The effect of variable-dose diazepam on dreaming and emergence phenomena in 400 cases of ketamine-fentanyl anaesthesia. | 2003 Sep |
|
| Phenyl-tetrazolyl acetophenones: discovery of positive allosteric potentiatiors for the metabotropic glutamate 2 receptor. | 2004 Aug 26 |
|
| The neuromatrix and the epileptic brain: behavioral and learning preservation in limbic epileptic rats treated with ketamine but not acepromazine. | 2004 Feb |
|
| Acute effects of ketamine on memory systems and psychotic symptoms in healthy volunteers. | 2004 Jan |
|
| [Expression of HSP70 induced by ketamine in the hippocampus of rat at different ages]. | 2004 Jul |
|
| Influence of different anaesthetics on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in rat spleen. | 2004 Jul |
|
| Influence of O(3)/O(2)-pneumoperitoneum as an oxidative stressor on duration of anaesthesia, loss of different reflexes and cytokine mRNA expression. | 2004 Jul |
|
| The development and maintenance of human visceral pain hypersensitivity is dependent on the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. | 2004 Mar |
|
| Ketamine impairs response inhibition and is positively reinforcing in healthy volunteers: a dose-response study. | 2004 Mar |
|
| Normal spatial and contextual learning for ketamine-treated rats in the pilocarpine epilepsy model. | 2004 May |
|
| Postanesthetic cerebellar dysfunction in cats. | 2004 May-Jun |
|
| Preemptive ketamine during general anesthesia for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. | 2004 Oct |
|
| Intravenous ketamine infusion as an adjuvant to morphine in a 2-year-old with severe cancer pain from metastatic neuroblastoma. | 2004 Oct |
|
| Caudal analgesia in children: S(+)-ketamine vs S(+)-ketamine plus clonidine. | 2004 Oct |
|
| Ketamine reduces lidocaine-induced seizures in mice. | 2005 Aug |
|
| Ketamine pretreatment with venous occlusion attenuates pain on injection with propofol. | 2005 Jan |
|
| Comparison of ephedrine and ketamine in prevention of injection pain and hypotension due to propofol induction. | 2005 Jan |
|
| Ketamine and postoperative pain--a quantitative systematic review of randomised trials. | 2005 Jan |
|
| Participation of adenosine system in the ketamine-induced motor activity in mice. | 2005 Jan-Feb |
|
| Remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia and its prevention with small-dose ketamine. | 2005 Jul |
|
| Safety of mixture of morphine with ketamine for postoperative patient-controlled analgesia: an audit with 1026 patients. | 2005 Jul |
|
| Naloxone increases ketamine-induced hyperactivity in the open field in female rats. | 2005 Jul |
|
| Ketamine and amphetamine both enhance synaptic transmission in the amygdala-nucleus accumbens pathway but with different time-courses. | 2005 Jul |
|
| Adverse events associated with procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric emergency department: a comparison of common parenteral drugs. | 2005 Jun |
|
| The anesthetics nitrous oxide and ketamine are more neurotoxic to old than to young rat brain. | 2005 Jun |
|
| Severe refractory status epilepticus owing to presumed encephalitis. | 2005 Mar |
|
| Characterization of morphine-induced hyperalgesia in male and female rats. | 2005 Mar |
|
| Effect of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor epsilon1 subunit gene disruption of the action of general anesthetic drugs in mice. | 2005 Mar |
|
| Ketamine inhibits LPS-induced tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in an equine macrophage cell line. | 2005 Mar-Apr |
|
| Peri-operative ketamine for acute post-operative pain: a quantitative and qualitative systematic review (Cochrane review). | 2005 Nov |
|
| Cortical glutamate-dopamine interaction and ketamine-induced psychotic symptoms in man. | 2005 Nov |
|
| [Comparison of the suppressive effects of tramadol and low-dose ketamine on the patients with postoperative hyperalgesia after remifentanil-based anaesthesia]. | 2005 Oct |
|
| Topical amitriptyline and ketamine in neuropathic pain syndromes: an open-label study. | 2005 Oct |
|
| Ischemic brain damage after ketamine and xylazine treatment in a young laboratory monkey (Macaca fascicularis). | 2005 Sep |
|
| Induction of rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 by ketamine and its toxicological implications. | 2005 Sep |
Patents
Sample Use Guides
Intravenous Route:
The initial dose of Ketalar (ketamine hydrochloride injection) administered intravenously may range from 1 mg/kg to 4.5 mg/kg (0.5 to 2 mg/lb). The average amount required to produce five to ten minutes of surgical anesthesia has been 2 mg/kg (1 mg/lb).
Intramuscular Route:
The initial dose of Ketalar administered intramuscularly may range from 6.5 to 13 mg/kg (3 to 6 mg/lb). A dose of 10 mg/kg (5 mg/lb) will usually produce 12 to 25 minutes of surgical anesthesia.
Route of Administration:
Other
| Substance Class |
Chemical
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