Load: 0.04-0.1 mg/kg IV Maintenance: 0.015-0.1 mg/kg IV q30-60min OR Continuous infusion: 0.1 mg/kg/hr IV Dose should be calculated based on ideal body weight Monitoring of muscle twitch response to a peripheral nerve stimulator is advised

HEK293 cells were prepared for patch clamp recording by replacing the culture medium with an extracellular solution consisting of 150 mM NaCl, 5.6 mM KCl, 1.8 mM CaCl2, 1.0 mM MgCl2, and 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.3. Subsequently, 3−5 μl of polystyrene beads coated with a monoclonal antibody specific for the CD8 antigen (Dyna-beads; Dynal, Lake Success, NY) were added to the culture dish. Good expression of nAChR channels in excised patches was found for most cells having two or three beads attached. Patch pipettes, filled with a solution consisting of 140 mM KCl, 5 mM EGTA, 5 mM MgCl2, and 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.3, had resistances of 3−6 MΩ. An outside-out patch24 with a seal resistance of 5 GΩ or greater was excised from a cell and moved into position at the outflow of a HSSE-2 rapid perfusion device (ALA Scientific Instruments, Westbury, NY). The perfusion system consisted of solution reservoirs, manual switching valves, a solenoid-driven pinch valve, and two tubes inserted into the culture dish and had a time resolution of less than 100 μs. One tube contained extracellular solution without agonist (normal solution); the other contained extracellular solution with 300 μM acetylcholine (test solution). In the control protocol, the patch, initially perfused with normal solution, was exposed to a series of ten 0.25- s exposures to the test solution at 5-s intervals. Manual valves were used to connect to reservoirs containing a defined concentration of competitive antagonist (Pancuronium ) with or without acetylcholine. An equilibrium (+/+) protocol was performed by exposing the patch to acetylcholine plus antagonist for 0.25 s, with a 5-s interval of antagonist alone. After switching back to antagonist free solutions, the control protocol was repeated