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Details

Stereochemistry RACEMIC
Molecular Formula C18H26ClN3
Molecular Weight 319.872
Optical Activity ( + / - )
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 1
E/Z Centers 0
Charge 0

SHOW SMILES / InChI
Structure of CHLOROQUINE

SMILES

CCN(CC)CCCC(C)NC1=CC=NC2=C1C=CC(Cl)=C2

InChI

InChIKey=WHTVZRBIWZFKQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/C18H26ClN3/c1-4-22(5-2)12-6-7-14(3)21-17-10-11-20-18-13-15(19)8-9-16(17)18/h8-11,13-14H,4-7,12H2,1-3H3,(H,20,21)

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Molecular Formula C18H26ClN3
Molecular Weight 319.872
Charge 0
Count
Stereochemistry RACEMIC
Additional Stereochemistry No
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 1
E/Z Centers 0
Optical Activity ( + / - )

Chloroquine (brand name Aralen) is indicated for the suppressive treatment and for acute attacks of malaria due to P. vivax, P.malariae, P. ovale, and susceptible strains of P. falciparum. The drug is also indicated for the treatment of extraintestinal amebiasis. In addition, chloroquine is in clinical trials as an investigational antiretroviral in humans with HIV-1/AIDS and as a potential antiviral agent against chikungunya fever. The mechanism of plasmodicidal action of chloroquine is not completely certain. However, is existed theory, that like other quinoline derivatives, it is thought to inhibit heme polymerase activity. The heme moiety consists of a porphyrin ring called Fe(II)-protoporphyrin IX (FP). To avoid destruction by this molecule, the parasite biocrystallizes heme to form hemozoin, a non-toxic molecule. Chloroquine enters the red blood cell, inhabiting parasite cell, and digestive vacuole by simple diffusion. Chloroquine then becomes protonated (to CQ2+), as the digestive vacuole is known to be acidic (pH 4.7); chloroquine then cannot leave by diffusion. Chloroquine caps hemozoin molecules to prevent further biocrystallization of heme, thus leading to heme buildup. Chloroquine binds to heme (or FP) to form what is known as the FP-Chloroquine complex; this complex is highly toxic to the cell and disrupts membrane function.

CNS Activity

Curator's Comment: Known to be CNS penetrant in rat. Human data not available.

Originator

Curator's Comment: # Hans Andersag and coworkers at the Bayer laboratories

Approval Year

Targets

Targets

Conditions

Conditions

ConditionModalityTargetsHighest PhaseProduct
Curative
ARALEN

Approved Use

ARALEN is indicated for the suppressive treatment and for acute attacks of malaria due to P. vivax, P.malariae, P. ovale, and susceptible strains of P. falciparum. The drug is also indicated for the treatment of extraintestinal amebiasis. ARALEN does not prevent relapses in patients with vivax or malariae malaria because it is not effective against exoerythrocytic forms of the parasite, nor will it prevent vivax or malariae infection when administered as a prophylactic. It is highly effective as a suppressive agent in patients with vivax or malariae malaria, in terminating acute attacks, and significantly lengthening the interval between treatment and relapse. In patients with falciparum malaria it abolishes the acute attack and effects complete cure of the infection, unless due to a resistant strain of P. falciparum.

Launch Date

1949
Curative
ARALEN

Approved Use

ARALEN is indicated for the suppressive treatment and for acute attacks of malaria due to P. vivax, P.malariae, P. ovale, and susceptible strains of P. falciparum. The drug is also indicated for the treatment of extraintestinal amebiasis. ARALEN does not prevent relapses in patients with vivax or malariae malaria because it is not effective against exoerythrocytic forms of the parasite, nor will it prevent vivax or malariae infection when administered as a prophylactic. It is highly effective as a suppressive agent in patients with vivax or malariae malaria, in terminating acute attacks, and significantly lengthening the interval between treatment and relapse. In patients with falciparum malaria it abolishes the acute attack and effects complete cure of the infection, unless due to a resistant strain of P. falciparum.

Launch Date

1949
Primary
Unknown

Approved Use

Unknown
Cmax

Cmax

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
700 ng/mL
5 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, oral
dose: 5 mg/kg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: MULTIPLE
co-administered:
CHLOROQUINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: UNHEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE
food status: UNKNOWN
AUC

AUC

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
134087 ng × h/mL
5 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, oral
dose: 5 mg/kg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: MULTIPLE
co-administered:
CHLOROQUINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: UNHEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE
food status: UNKNOWN
T1/2

T1/2

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
209 h
5 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, oral
dose: 5 mg/kg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: MULTIPLE
co-administered:
CHLOROQUINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: UNHEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE
food status: UNKNOWN
Funbound

Funbound

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
45%
5 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, oral
dose: 5 mg/kg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: MULTIPLE
co-administered:
CHLOROQUINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: UNHEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE
food status: UNKNOWN
Doses

Doses

DosePopulationAdverse events​
3 g single, oral
Overdose
Dose: 3 g
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 3 g
Sources:
unknown, 14 years
n = 1
Health Status: unknown
Age Group: 14 years
Sex: F
Population Size: 1
Sources:
Other AEs: Cardiac arrest...
Other AEs:
Cardiac arrest
Sources:
600 mg 2 times / day multiple, oral (starting)
Highest studied dose
Dose: 600 mg, 2 times / day
Route: oral
Route: multiple
Dose: 600 mg, 2 times / day
Sources:
pregnant, 20.7 years
n = 300
Health Status: pregnant
Condition: malaria
Age Group: 20.7 years
Sex: F
Population Size: 300
Sources:
Other AEs: Dizziness, Vomiting...
Other AEs:
Dizziness (19%)
Vomiting (17%)
Palpitations (5%)
Headache (6%)
Nausea (5%)
Abdominal pain (2%)
Sources:
AEs

AEs

AESignificanceDosePopulation
Cardiac arrest
3 g single, oral
Overdose
Dose: 3 g
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 3 g
Sources:
unknown, 14 years
n = 1
Health Status: unknown
Age Group: 14 years
Sex: F
Population Size: 1
Sources:
Vomiting 17%
600 mg 2 times / day multiple, oral (starting)
Highest studied dose
Dose: 600 mg, 2 times / day
Route: oral
Route: multiple
Dose: 600 mg, 2 times / day
Sources:
pregnant, 20.7 years
n = 300
Health Status: pregnant
Condition: malaria
Age Group: 20.7 years
Sex: F
Population Size: 300
Sources:
Dizziness 19%
600 mg 2 times / day multiple, oral (starting)
Highest studied dose
Dose: 600 mg, 2 times / day
Route: oral
Route: multiple
Dose: 600 mg, 2 times / day
Sources:
pregnant, 20.7 years
n = 300
Health Status: pregnant
Condition: malaria
Age Group: 20.7 years
Sex: F
Population Size: 300
Sources:
Abdominal pain 2%
600 mg 2 times / day multiple, oral (starting)
Highest studied dose
Dose: 600 mg, 2 times / day
Route: oral
Route: multiple
Dose: 600 mg, 2 times / day
Sources:
pregnant, 20.7 years
n = 300
Health Status: pregnant
Condition: malaria
Age Group: 20.7 years
Sex: F
Population Size: 300
Sources:
Nausea 5%
600 mg 2 times / day multiple, oral (starting)
Highest studied dose
Dose: 600 mg, 2 times / day
Route: oral
Route: multiple
Dose: 600 mg, 2 times / day
Sources:
pregnant, 20.7 years
n = 300
Health Status: pregnant
Condition: malaria
Age Group: 20.7 years
Sex: F
Population Size: 300
Sources:
Palpitations 5%
600 mg 2 times / day multiple, oral (starting)
Highest studied dose
Dose: 600 mg, 2 times / day
Route: oral
Route: multiple
Dose: 600 mg, 2 times / day
Sources:
pregnant, 20.7 years
n = 300
Health Status: pregnant
Condition: malaria
Age Group: 20.7 years
Sex: F
Population Size: 300
Sources:
Headache 6%
600 mg 2 times / day multiple, oral (starting)
Highest studied dose
Dose: 600 mg, 2 times / day
Route: oral
Route: multiple
Dose: 600 mg, 2 times / day
Sources:
pregnant, 20.7 years
n = 300
Health Status: pregnant
Condition: malaria
Age Group: 20.7 years
Sex: F
Population Size: 300
Sources:
Overview

OverviewOther

Other InhibitorOther SubstrateOther Inducer







Drug as perpetrator​

Drug as perpetrator​

TargetModalityActivityMetaboliteClinical evidence
no
no (co-administration study)
Comment: chloroquine did not affect the activities of CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2E1, CYP3A4
no
no (co-administration study)
Comment: chloroquine did not affect the activities of CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2E1, CYP3A4
no
no (co-administration study)
Comment: chloroquine did not affect the activities of CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2E1, CYP3A4
no
no (co-administration study)
Comment: chloroquine did not affect the activities of CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2E1, CYP3A4
yes [IC50 1096 uM]
yes [IC50 2.5 uM]
yes [Ki 12 uM]
weak (co-administration study)
Comment: selective inhibiton; Chloroquine produced a reduction in the metabolism of debrisoquine as evaluated by the debrisoquine recovery ratio, a measure of CYP2D6 activity. This reduction was progressive from the first to the seventh dose. This decrease in metabolism was modest (about 7% after the first dose and about 18% after seven doses) but statistically significant
Drug as victim

Drug as victim

TargetModalityActivityMetaboliteClinical evidence
yes
yes
yes
yes (co-administration study)
Comment: Concomitant administration of a single dose of chloroquine and cimetidine daily starting 4 days prior to chloroquine, resulted in a 50% increase in chloroquine half-life, associated with a 50% decrease in its clearance.Since the AUC of desethylchloroquine decreased by 47%, cimetidine probably decreased chloroquine clearance by inhibiting its hepatic desethylation.
yes
yes (co-administration study)
Comment: Concomitant administration of a single dose of chloroquine and cimetidine daily starting 4 days prior to chloroquine, resulted in a 50% increase in chloroquine half-life, associated with a 50% decrease in its clearance.Since the AUC of desethylchloroquine decreased by 47%, cimetidine probably decreased chloroquine clearance by inhibiting its hepatic desethylation.
Tox targets

Tox targets

TargetModalityActivityMetaboliteClinical evidence
PubMed

PubMed

TitleDatePubMed
Nivaquine and urethral pain.
1976 Dec
Tissue and blood concentrations of chloroquine following chronic administration in the rat.
1982 Nov
Kinetics of the uptake and elimination of chloroquine in children with malaria.
1982 Oct
Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus infectivity by chloroquine.
1990 Apr
Amrinone for refractory cardiogenic shock following chloroquine poisoning.
1991
Persisting chloroquine-induced myasthenia?
1991
Occurrence of chloroquine-induced psychotic manifestations in children with malaria.
1992
Ocular toxicology.
1994 Dec
The effect of EGb 761 on the doxorubicin cardiomyopathy.
1999
Calcitriol-mediated hypercalcaemia and increased interleukins in a patient with sarcoid myopathy.
1999
Potential inhibitors of HIV integrase.
1999 Apr-May
[The myasthenic syndrome after chloroquine].
1999 Jul-Aug
Complete heart block as a rare complication of treatment with chloroquine.
1999 Jun
Cadmium-mediated oxidative stress in kidney proximal tubule cells induces degradation of Na+/K(+)-ATPase through proteasomal and endo-/lysosomal proteolytic pathways.
1999 Oct
Detection of color vision defects in chloroquine retinopathy.
1999 Sep
Assessment of drugs against Cryptosporidium parvum using a simple in vitro screening method.
1999 Sep 15
Chloroquine exerts an additive in vitro anti-HIV type 1 effect when associated with didanosine and hydroxyurea.
1999 Sep 20
Multifocal ERG in chloroquine retinopathy: regional variance of retinal dysfunction.
2000 Jan
[Complete heart block following chronic chloroquine treatment].
2000 May
Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) and quercetin on lipopolysaccharide-induced release of nitric oxide.
2001 Jul 31
Chloroquine-induced neuronal cell death is p53 and Bcl-2 family-dependent but caspase-independent.
2001 Oct
Chlorproguanil-dapsone for treatment of drug-resistant falciparum malaria in Tanzania.
2001 Oct 13
[Many travellers suffer of side-effects of malaria prophylaxis].
2002 Jun 27
Side effects of and compliance with malaria prophylaxis in children.
2002 Nov-Dec
Therapy of glioblastoma multiforme improved by the antimutagenic chloroquine.
2003 Feb 15
[Toxic lesions of the organ of vision caused by chloroquine derivatives].
2003 Jan-Feb
[Chloroquine-induced myopathy and neuropathy: progressive tetraparesis with areflexia that simulates a polyradiculoneuropathy. Two case reports].
2003 Mar 16-31
Increased CSF protein in chloroquine-induced axonal polyneuropathy and myopathy.
2003 Sep
[Infectious diseases in 2003].
2004
Heart transplantation in a patient with chloroquine-induced cardiomyopathy.
2004 Feb
The ability of chloroquine to prevent tat-induced cytokine secretion by monocytes is implicated in its in vivo anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activity.
2004 Nov
Seizure associated with chloroquine therapy in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.
2004 Sep
Skeletal muscle expression of clathrin and mannose 6-phosphate receptor in experimental chloroquine-induced myopathy.
2005 Apr
Enhanced anticryptococcal activity of chloroquine in phosphatidylserine-containing liposomes in a murine model.
2005 Feb
cAMP has distinct acute and chronic effects on aquaporin-5 in lung epithelial cells.
2005 Feb 4
[Malaria chemoprophylaxis in traveling children].
2005 Jan
Chloroquine-induced lipidosis mimicking Fabry disease.
2005 May
Selective enhancement of cellular oxidative stress by chloroquine: implications for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme.
2006 Dec 15
CpG-B oligodeoxynucleotide promotes cell survival via up-regulation of Hsp70 to increase Bcl-xL and to decrease apoptosis-inducing factor translocation.
2006 Dec 15
[Complete auriculoventricular block secondary to cardiac toxicity due to chloroquine].
2006 Feb
[Cytochrome P-450 and the response to antimalarial drugs].
2006 Jan
Tetrahydrocurcumin: effect on chloroquine-mediated oxidative damage in rat kidney.
2006 Nov
[Reversible restrictive cardiomyopathy secondary to chloroquine].
2007 Jun 23
Assessment of chloroquine as a modulator of immune activation to improve CD4 recovery in immune nonresponding HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy.
2015 Jan
Patents

Sample Use Guides

The dosage of chloroquine phosphate is often expressed in terms of equivalent chloroquine base. Each 500 mg tablet of ARALEN (chloroquine phosphate) contains the equivalent of 300 mg chloroquine base. In infants and children the dosage is preferably calculated by body weight. Malaria: Suppression—Adult Dose: 500 mg (= 300 mg base) on exactly the same day of each week. Pediatric Dose: The weekly suppressive dosage is 5 mg calculated as base, per kg of body weight, but should not exceed the adult dose regardless of weight. If circumstances permit, suppressive therapy should begin two weeks prior to exposure. However, failing this in adults, an initial double (loading) dose of 1 g (= 600 mg base), or in children 10 mg base/kg may be taken in two divided doses, six hours apart. The suppressive therapy should be continued for eight weeks after leaving the endemic area. For Treatment of Acute Attack. Adults: An initial dose of 1 g (=600 mg base) followed by an additional 500 mg (= 300 mg base) after six to eight hours and a single dose of 500 mg (= 300 mg base) on each of two consecutive days. This represents a total dose of 2.5 g chloroquine phosphate or 1.5 g base in three days. The dosage for adults of low body weight and for infants and children should be determined as follows: First dose: 10 mg base per kg (but not exceeding a single dose of 600 mg base) Second dose: (6 hours after first dose) 5 mg base per kg (but not exceeding a single dose of 300 mg base) Third dose: (24 hours after first dose) 5mg base per kg Fourth dose: (36 hours after first dose) 5 mg base per kg For radical cure of vivax and malariae malaria concomitant therapy with an 8-aminoquinoline compound is necessary. Extraintestinal Amebiasis: Adults, 1 g (600 mg base) daily for two days, followed by 500 mg (300 mg base) daily for at least two to three weeks. Treatment is usually combined with an effective intestinal amebicide.
Route of Administration: Oral
Chloroquine inhibited mouse colon cancer cell line CT26 cells proliferation by concentration- and time-dependent manner. This effect was associated with apoptosis induction and decreased level of phosphorylated p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphorylated Akt. The cytotoxicity of chloroquine on CT26 cells was determined by the MTT assay. Cells were seeded in 96-well plates at the density of 2000/well and cultured for 24 hr, followed by chloroquine treatment (100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, and 3.125 μ mol/L) for 24, 48, and 72 hr, respectively.
Substance Class Chemical
Created
by admin
on Fri Dec 15 15:07:36 GMT 2023
Edited
by admin
on Fri Dec 15 15:07:36 GMT 2023
Record UNII
886U3H6UFF
Record Status Validated (UNII)
Record Version
  • Download
Name Type Language
CHLOROQUINE
HSDB   INN   MART.   MI   USP   VANDF   WHO-DD  
INN  
Official Name English
CHLOROQUINE [MI]
Common Name English
chloroquine [INN]
Common Name English
CHLOROQUINE [USP IMPURITY]
Common Name English
CHLOROQUINE [VANDF]
Common Name English
1,4-PENTANEDIAMINE, N(SUP 4)-(7-CHLORO-4-QUINOLINYL)-N(SUP 1),N (SUP 1)-DIETHYL-
Common Name English
7-Chloro-4-[[4-(diethylamino)-1-methylbutyl]amino]quinoline
Systematic Name English
CHLOROQUINE [USP MONOGRAPH]
Common Name English
CHLOROQUINE [MART.]
Common Name English
Chloroquine [WHO-DD]
Common Name English
NSC-187208
Code English
CHLOROQUINE [HSDB]
Common Name English
Classification Tree Code System Code
NCI_THESAURUS C271
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:36 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:36 GMT 2023
WHO-ESSENTIAL MEDICINES LIST 6.5.3.2
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:36 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:36 GMT 2023
LIVERTOX NBK548224
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EU-Orphan Drug EU/3/14/1377
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:36 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:36 GMT 2023
CFR 21 CFR 522.810
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WHO-ESSENTIAL MEDICINES LIST 2.4
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IARC Chloroquine
WHO-ESSENTIAL MEDICINES LIST 6.5.3.1
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:36 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:36 GMT 2023
FDA ORPHAN DRUG 475015
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WHO-ATC P01BA01
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:36 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:36 GMT 2023
NDF-RT N0000175482
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:36 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:36 GMT 2023
Code System Code Type Description
DRUG CENTRAL
607
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:36 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:36 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
DAILYMED
886U3H6UFF
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:36 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:36 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
CAS
54-05-7
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PRIMARY
NCI_THESAURUS
C61671
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PRIMARY
SMS_ID
100000088282
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PRIMARY
CHEBI
3638
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PRIMARY
LACTMED
Chloroquine
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PRIMARY
DRUG BANK
DB00608
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PRIMARY
MERCK INDEX
m3435
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PRIMARY Merck Index
IUPHAR
5535
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PRIMARY
PUBCHEM
2719
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PRIMARY
INN
386
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PRIMARY
EVMPD
SUB06196MIG
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PRIMARY
WIKIPEDIA
CHLOROQUINE
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PRIMARY
FDA UNII
886U3H6UFF
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PRIMARY
ECHA (EC/EINECS)
200-191-2
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PRIMARY
HSDB
3029
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PRIMARY
NSC
187208
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PRIMARY
RXCUI
2393
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PRIMARY RxNorm
EPA CompTox
DTXSID2040446
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PRIMARY
MESH
D002738
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PRIMARY
ChEMBL
CHEMBL76
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:36 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:36 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
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