XYLAZINE

First approved in 2006

Details

Stereochemistry	ACHIRAL
Molecular Formula	C12H16N2S
Molecular Weight	220.334
Optical Activity	NONE
Defined Stereocenters	0 / 0
E/Z Centers	0
Charge	0

SHOW SMILES / InChI

Structure Search

SMILES

CC1=CC=CC(C)=C1NC2=NCCCS2

InChI

InChIKey=BPICBUSOMSTKRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C12H16N2S/c1-9-5-3-6-10(2)11(9)14-12-13-7-4-8-15-12/h3,5-6H,4,7-8H2,1-2H3,(H,13,14)

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Molecular Formula	C12H16N2S
Molecular Weight	220.334
Charge	0
Count

Stereochemistry	ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry	No
Defined Stereocenters	0 / 0
E/Z Centers	0
Optical Activity	NONE

Description
Sources: https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/Xylazine%20TR.pdf
Curator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3062194 | http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Maximum_Residue_Limits_-_Report/2009/11/WC500015345.pdf | https://www.drugs.com/vet/rompun-xylazine-100-mg-ml-injectable.html

Xylazine was developed as an antihypertensive agent. During clinical studies in people xylazine was found to have excessive central nervous system depressant effects and it was subsequently introduced for veterinary use as a sedative, analgesic and relaxant. Xylazine is a potent alpha-2 adrenergic agonist. Xylazine in horses and Cervidae may occasionally cause slight muscle tremors, bradycardia with partial A-V heart block and a reduced respiratory rate. Movement in response to sharp auditory stimuli may be observed.

CNS Activity

Originator

Approval Year

Targets

Primary Target	Pharmacology	Potency
Adrenergic receptor alpha-2 114 Target ID: CHEMBL2095158 Sources: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Maximum_Residue_Limits_-_Report/2009/11/WC500015345.pdf \| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3062194	Agonist 2752
Sigma opioid receptor 64 Target ID: CHEMBL3602 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6113017	Antagonist 2849	9.5 µM [IC50]
Mu opioid receptor 231 Target ID: CHEMBL270 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6113017	Antagonist 2849	9.0 µM [IC50]

Conditions

Condition	Modality	Targets	Highest Phase	Product
Pain 619 Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=afde1f44-4529-4d43-b1da-e9965b31c64c	Primary		Approved 8583	Rompun Approved Use Rompun™ (xylazine) should be used in horses and Cervidae when it is desirable to produce a state of sedation accompanied by a shorter period of analgesia. Launch Date 1995
Anxiety 275 Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=afde1f44-4529-4d43-b1da-e9965b31c64c	Primary		Approved 8583	Rompun Approved Use Rompun™ (xylazine) should be used in horses and Cervidae when it is desirable to produce a state of sedation accompanied by a shorter period of analgesia. Launch Date 1995

Doses

Dose	Population	Adverse events
1000 mg single, intramuscular Abused dose Dose: 1000 mg Route: intramuscular Route: single Dose: 1000 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24769343/	healthy, ADULT Health Status: healthy Age Group: ADULT Sex: M Food Status: UNKNOWN Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24769343/	Disc. AE: CNS depression, Respiratory depression... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: CNS depression Respiratory depression Tachycardia Premature ventricular contractions Hyperglycemia Electrocardiogram change Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24769343/
2400 mg single, intramuscular Abused dose Dose: 2400 mg Route: intramuscular Route: single Dose: 2400 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24769343/	healthy, ADULT Health Status: healthy Age Group: ADULT Sex: F Food Status: UNKNOWN Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24769343/	Disc. AE: CNS depression, Respiratory depression... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: CNS depression Respiratory depression Hypertension Hyperglycemia Ecchymosis Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24769343/
400 mg single, oral Abused dose Dose: 400 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 400 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24769343/	healthy, ADULT Health Status: healthy Age Group: ADULT Sex: F Food Status: UNKNOWN Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24769343/	Disc. AE: CNS depression, Respiratory depression... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: CNS depression Respiratory depression Hypotension (grade 1) Bradycardia Hyperglycemia Incontinence urinary Miosis Premature ventricular contractions Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24769343/
1500 mg single, intramuscular Overdose Dose: 1500 mg Route: intramuscular Route: single Dose: 1500 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24769343/	healthy, ADULT Health Status: healthy Age Group: ADULT Sex: M Food Status: UNKNOWN Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24769343/	Disc. AE: CNS depression, Respiratory depression... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: CNS depression Respiratory depression Hypertension Bradycardia Hyperglycemia Miosis Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24769343/

AEs

PubMed

Title	Date	PubMed
Effects of Anethum graveolens L. seed extracts on experimental gastric irritation models in mice.	2002-12-19	12493079
Effects of treatment with oxytocin, xylazine butorphanol, guaifenesin, acepromazine, and detomidine on esophageal manometric pressure in conscious horses.	2002-12	12492291
In vitro effects of oxytocin, acepromazine, detomidine, xylazine, butorphanol, terbutaline, isoproterenol, and dantrolene on smooth and skeletal muscles of the equine esophagus.	2002-12	12492290
Cardiopulmonary effects of xylazine and acepromazine in pregnant cows in late gestation.	2002-12	12492284
Central sympathetic blockade ameliorates brain death-induced cardiotoxicity and associated changes in myocardial gene expression.	2002-12	12447173
Male and female rats express similar blood pressure responses to "push-pull" gravitational stress.	2002-12	12433935
Similar half-octave TTS protection of the cochlea by xylazine/ketamine or sympathectomy.	2002-12	12433414
Changes in hepatic and renal enzyme concentrations and heart and respiratory rates in new zealand white rabbits after anesthetic treatments.	2002-11	12456157
Rapid degradation of dominant-negative Rab27 proteins in vivo precludes their use in transgenic mouse models.	2002-10-28	12401133
Enhancement of alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated responses in prostate of testosterone-treated rat.	2002-10-25	12398922
Infusion of guaifenesin, ketamine, and medetomidine in combination with inhalation of sevoflurane versus inhalation of sevoflurane alone for anesthesia of horses.	2002-10-15	12387385
Clinical comparison of xylazine and medetomidine for premedication of horses.	2002-10-15	12387384
A comparison of balloon injury models of endovascular lesions in rat arteries.	2002-09-27	12350231
The scotopic threshold response of the dark-adapted electroretinogram of the mouse.	2002-09-15	12231647
Xylazine-induced attenuation of dorsal displacement of the soft palate associated with epiglottic dysfunction in a horse.	2002-08-01	12164538
Ultrasonographic evaluation of reticular motility in cows after administration of atropine, scopolamine and xylazine.	2002-08	12227472
Effects of electrical stimulation of the inferior colliculus on 2f1-f2 distortion product otoacoustic emissions in anesthetized guinea pigs.	2002-08	12208546
Evaluation of anesthesia effects in a rat animal model using otoacoustic emission protocols.	2002-08	12208537
Measurements of tumor tissue oxygen tension using a time-resolved luminescence-based optical oxylite probe: comparison with a paired survival assay.	2002-08	12105986
The effects of xylazine, detomidine, acepromazine and butorphanol on equine solid phase gastric emptying rate.	2002-07	12358052
Murine models of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection.	2002-07	12144741
Differential effects of anesthetics on mitochondrial K(ATP) channel activity and cardiomyocyte protection.	2002-07	12131099
Effect of general anesthesia and minor surgical trauma on urine and serum measurements in horses.	2002-07	12118669
Investigation of neurotransmission in vas deferens from alpha(2A/D)-adrenoceptor knockout mice.	2002-07	12110610
Cardiovascular phenotypes of kinin B2 receptor- and tissue kallikrein-deficient mice.	2002-07	12105144
The induction of hyperthermia in rabbit liver by means of duplex stainless steel thermoseeds.	2002-06-28	12087199
Periodate-treated, non-anticoagulant heparin-carrying polystyrene (NAC-HCPS) affects angiogenesis and inhibits subcutaneous induced tumour growth and metastasis to the lung.	2002-06-05	12087470
Use of azaperone and zuclopenthixol acetate to facilitate translocation of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).	2002-06	12398308
Effects of ketamine-xylazine and isoflurane on insulin sensitivity in dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate-treated minipigs (Sus scrofa domestica).	2002-06	12102568
Impact of anesthesia on cardiac function during echocardiography in mice.	2002-06	12003821
Orthogonal polarisation spectral imaging as a new tool for the assessment of antivascular tumour treatment in vivo: a validation study.	2002-05-20	12085213
Use of the anesthetic combination of tiletamine, zolazepam, ketamine, and xylazine for neutering feral cats.	2002-05-15	12018375
Arthroscopic removal of dorsoproximal chip fractures of the proximal phalanx in standing horses.	2002-05-08	11994846
Comparison of epidural anaesthesia with lignocaine or xylazine in cats.	2002-05	12090779
Effects of propofol as an anaesthetic agent in adult lions (Panthera leo): a comparison with two established protocols.	2002-04	12027594
Respiratory mechanics in mice: strain and sex specific differences.	2002-04	11942924
Anesthesia affects the disposition of [18F]fluoro-A-85380: a PET study in monkeys.	2002-04	11842447
Thiram inhibits angiogenesis and slows the development of experimental tumours in mice.	2002-03-04	11875743
[Castration of male lambs and calves: explanations and comments of art. 65 TSchV].	2002-03	11980378
Modulation of contraction by alpha(2A/D)-adrenoceptors in mouse aorta: evidence employing knockout technology.	2002-03	11877328
Spatial buffering during slow and paroxysmal sleep oscillations in cortical networks of glial cells in vivo.	2002-02-01	11826133
Early effects of tribromoethanol, ketamine/xylazine, pentobarbitol, and isoflurane anesthesia on hepatic and lymphoid tissue in ICR mice.	2002-02	11900415
Colonoscopy in mice.	2002-01	11961598
Neurohormonal and metabolic effects of medetomidine compared with xylazine in beagle dogs.	2002-01	11858648
Assessing the emetic potential of PDE4 inhibitors in rats.	2002-01	11786486
Changes in the acoustically evoked activity in the inferior colliculus of the rat after functional ablation of the auditory cortex.	2002	12479790
Semen collection from mice: electroejaculation.	2002	12467362
Adaptations to iron deficiency: cardiac functional responsiveness to norepinephrine, arterial remodeling, and the effect of beta-blockade on cardiac hypertrophy.	2002	11818034
Anesthesia protocol for hyperpnea-induced airway obstruction in the guinea pig.	2001-10	11924806
Optimization of intraperitoneal injection anesthesia in mice: drugs, dosages, adverse effects, and anesthesia depth.	2001-10	11924805

Patents

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide

Horse Dosage: Intravenously–0.5 mL/100 lbs body weight (0.5 mg/lb) Intramuscularly–1.0 mL/100 lbs body weight (1.0 mg/lb)

Route of Administration: Other

In Vitro Use Guide

GLP-compliant studies on mutagenicity included Salmonella-microsomal assay with and without metabolic activation (0.4 to 12 mg of Xylazine on plate, with and without metabolic activation), mammalian forward point mutation assay (HPRT locus) in Chinese hamster lung cells (V79) (2 to 40 ug of Xylazine per ml, with metabolic activation and 62 to 1250 ug of Xylazine per ml, without metabolic activation). The compound to be devoid of mutagenic potential.

Substance Class	Chemical Created by `admin` on `Mon Mar 31 18:08:54 GMT 2025` Edited by `admin` on `Mon Mar 31 18:08:54 GMT 2025`
Record UNII	2KFG9TP5V8
Record Status	`Validated (UNII)`
Record Version

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Name

Type

Language

XYLAZINE

Official Name

English

CHANAZINE

Preferred Name

English

xylazine [INN]

Common Name

English

XYLAZINE [USP-RS]

Common Name

English

XYLAZINE [USP MONOGRAPH]

Common Name

English

XYLAZINE [MART.]

Common Name

English

XYLAZINE [MI]

Common Name

English

NSC-758142

Code

English

Tranq component xylazine

Common Name

English

XYLAZINE [GREEN BOOK]

Common Name

English

5,6-Dihydro-2-(2,6-xylidino)-4H-1,3-thiazine

Systematic Name

English

Classification Tree Code System Code

WHO-VATC

QN05CM92