U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Divider Arrow National Institutes of Health Divider Arrow NCATS

Details

Stereochemistry ABSOLUTE
Molecular Formula C17H17NO2
Molecular Weight 267.3224
Optical Activity UNSPECIFIED
Defined Stereocenters 1 / 1
E/Z Centers 0
Charge 0

SHOW SMILES / InChI
Structure of APOMORPHINE

SMILES

[H][C@@]12CC3=C(C(O)=C(O)C=C3)C4=C1C(CCN2C)=CC=C4

InChI

InChIKey=VMWNQDUVQKEIOC-CYBMUJFWSA-N
InChI=1S/C17H17NO2/c1-18-8-7-10-3-2-4-12-15(10)13(18)9-11-5-6-14(19)17(20)16(11)12/h2-6,13,19-20H,7-9H2,1H3/t13-/m1/s1

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Description

Apomorphine (brand names: Apokyn, Ixense, Spontane, Uprima) is indicated for the acute, intermittent treatment of hypomobility, “off” episodes (“end-of-dose wearing off” and unpredictable “on/off” episodes) in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease. Apomorphine has been studied as an adjunct to other medications. It is a non-ergoline dopamine agonist with high in vitro binding affinity for the dopamine D4 receptor, and moderate affinity for the dopamine D2, D3, and D5, and adrenergic α1D, α2B, α2C receptors. The precise mechanism of action as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease is unknown, although it is believed to be due to stimulation of post-synaptic dopamine D2-type receptors within the caudate-putamen in the brain.

CNS Activity

CNS Active
3913
Curator's Comment: Apomorphine quickly passes the nasal and intestinal mucosa as well as the blood-brain barrier (depending on the administration route)

Approval Year

1880
8
Targets

Targets

Primary TargetPharmacologyConditionPotency
Agonist
2678
Conditions

Conditions

ConditionModalityTargetsHighest PhaseProduct
Palliative
Approved
8429
APOKYN

Approved Use

APOKYN (apomorphine hydrochloride injection) is indicated for the acute, intermittent treatment of hypomobility, off episodes (end-of-dose wearing off and unpredictable on/off episodes) in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease. APOKYN has been studied as an adjunct to other medications [see Clinical Studies (14)

Launch Date

2004
Cmax

Cmax

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
47.5 pmol/mL
EXPERIMENT
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2774511/
30 μg/kg bw single, subcutaneous
dose: 30 μg/kg bw
route of administration: Subcutaneous
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
APOMORPHINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: UNKNOWN
AUC

AUC

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
41.7 pmol × h/mL
EXPERIMENT
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2774511/
30 μg/kg bw single, subcutaneous
dose: 30 μg/kg bw
route of administration: Subcutaneous
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
APOMORPHINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: UNKNOWN
T1/2

T1/2

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
33.6 min
EXPERIMENT
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2774511/
30 μg/kg bw single, subcutaneous
dose: 30 μg/kg bw
route of administration: Subcutaneous
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
APOMORPHINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: UNKNOWN
Doses

Doses

DosePopulationAdverse events​
4 mg single, respiratory
Highest studied dose
Dose: 4 mg
Route: respiratory
Route: single
Dose: 4 mg
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years
n = 5
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 30 - 90 years
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 5
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
1.5 mg single, respiratory
Recommended
Dose: 1.5 mg
Route: respiratory
Route: single
Dose: 1.5 mg
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years
n = 32
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 30 - 90 years
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 32
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
Other AEs: Somnolence, Dysgeusia...
Other AEs:
Somnolence (1 patient)
Dysgeusia (1 patient)
Dizziness (1 patient)
Orthostatic hypotension (1 patient)
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
2.3 mg single, respiratory
Recommended
Dose: 2.3 mg
Route: respiratory
Route: single
Dose: 2.3 mg
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years
n = 18
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 30 - 90 years
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 18
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
3 mg single, respiratory
Recommended
Dose: 3 mg
Route: respiratory
Route: single
Dose: 3 mg
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years
n = 12
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 30 - 90 years
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 12
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
Other AEs: Somnolence, Yawning...
Other AEs:
Somnolence (1 patient)
Yawning (1 patient)
Flushing (1 patient)
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous
Recommended
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: steady
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years
n = 114
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 44 - 87 years
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 114
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
Disc. AE: Cognitive impairment, Skin reaction...
AEs leading to
discontinuation/dose reduction:
Cognitive impairment (16 patients)
Skin reaction (14 patients)
Posture abnormal (12 patients)
Psychosis (11 patient)
Anxiety/depression (11 patient)
Hypotension (3 patients)
Gastrointestinal disorder (NOS) (1 patient)
Cardiovascular disorder (1 patient)
Weight loss (1 patient)
Excessive daytime sleepiness (1 patient)
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
4 mg 1 times / day multiple, subcutaneous (mean)
Highest studied dose
Dose: 4 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: multiple
Dose: 4 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18978491/
unhealthy, 65.21 years
n = 546
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 65.21 years
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 546
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18978491/
Disc. AE: Nausea and vomiting...
AEs leading to
discontinuation/dose reduction:
Nausea and vomiting (187 patients)
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18978491/
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous (max)
Recommended
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: steady
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Co-administed with::
trimethobenzamide
Sources:
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021264s010lbl.pdf
Page: 4
unhealthy, adult
n = 522
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: adult
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 522
Sources:
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021264s010lbl.pdf
Page: 4
Disc. AE: Nausea, Vomiting...
AEs leading to
discontinuation/dose reduction:
Nausea (3%)
Vomiting (2%)
Sources:
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021264s010lbl.pdf
Page: 4
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous (max)
Recommended
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: steady
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021264s010lbl.pdf
Page: 5
unhealthy, adult
n = 522
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: adult
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 522
Sources:
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021264s010lbl.pdf
Page: 5
Disc. AE: Hallucination...
AEs leading to
discontinuation/dose reduction:
Hallucination (1%)
Sources:
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021264s010lbl.pdf
Page: 5
35 mg 1 times / day steady, sublingual (max)
Recommended
Dose: 35 mg, 1 times / day
Route: sublingual
Route: steady
Dose: 35 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31818699/
unhealthy, mean 62.9 years
n = 54
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: mean 62.9 years
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 54
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31818699/
Disc. AE: Respiratory tract signs and symptoms...
AEs leading to
discontinuation/dose reduction:
Respiratory tract signs and symptoms (9 patients)
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31818699/
AEs

AEs

AESignificanceDosePopulation
Dizziness 1 patient
1.5 mg single, respiratory
Recommended
Dose: 1.5 mg
Route: respiratory
Route: single
Dose: 1.5 mg
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years
n = 32
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 30 - 90 years
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 32
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
Dysgeusia 1 patient
1.5 mg single, respiratory
Recommended
Dose: 1.5 mg
Route: respiratory
Route: single
Dose: 1.5 mg
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years
n = 32
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 30 - 90 years
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 32
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
Orthostatic hypotension 1 patient
1.5 mg single, respiratory
Recommended
Dose: 1.5 mg
Route: respiratory
Route: single
Dose: 1.5 mg
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years
n = 32
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 30 - 90 years
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 32
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
Somnolence 1 patient
1.5 mg single, respiratory
Recommended
Dose: 1.5 mg
Route: respiratory
Route: single
Dose: 1.5 mg
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years
n = 32
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 30 - 90 years
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 32
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
Flushing 1 patient
3 mg single, respiratory
Recommended
Dose: 3 mg
Route: respiratory
Route: single
Dose: 3 mg
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years
n = 12
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 30 - 90 years
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 12
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
Somnolence 1 patient
3 mg single, respiratory
Recommended
Dose: 3 mg
Route: respiratory
Route: single
Dose: 3 mg
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years
n = 12
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 30 - 90 years
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 12
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
Yawning 1 patient
3 mg single, respiratory
Recommended
Dose: 3 mg
Route: respiratory
Route: single
Dose: 3 mg
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years
n = 12
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 30 - 90 years
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 12
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
Cardiovascular disorder 1 patient
Disc. AE
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous
Recommended
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: steady
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years
n = 114
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 44 - 87 years
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 114
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
Excessive daytime sleepiness 1 patient
Disc. AE
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous
Recommended
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: steady
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years
n = 114
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 44 - 87 years
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 114
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
Gastrointestinal disorder (NOS) 1 patient
Disc. AE
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous
Recommended
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: steady
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years
n = 114
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 44 - 87 years
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 114
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
Weight loss 1 patient
Disc. AE
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous
Recommended
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: steady
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years
n = 114
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 44 - 87 years
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 114
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
Anxiety/depression 11 patient
Disc. AE
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous
Recommended
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: steady
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years
n = 114
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 44 - 87 years
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 114
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
Psychosis 11 patient
Disc. AE
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous
Recommended
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: steady
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years
n = 114
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 44 - 87 years
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 114
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
Posture abnormal 12 patients
Disc. AE
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous
Recommended
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: steady
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years
n = 114
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 44 - 87 years
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 114
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
Skin reaction 14 patients
Disc. AE
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous
Recommended
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: steady
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years
n = 114
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 44 - 87 years
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 114
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
Cognitive impairment 16 patients
Disc. AE
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous
Recommended
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: steady
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years
n = 114
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 44 - 87 years
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 114
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
Hypotension 3 patients
Disc. AE
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous
Recommended
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: steady
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years
n = 114
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 44 - 87 years
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 114
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
Nausea and vomiting 187 patients
Disc. AE
4 mg 1 times / day multiple, subcutaneous (mean)
Highest studied dose
Dose: 4 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: multiple
Dose: 4 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18978491/
unhealthy, 65.21 years
n = 546
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 65.21 years
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 546
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18978491/
Vomiting 2%
Disc. AE
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous (max)
Recommended
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: steady
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Co-administed with::
trimethobenzamide
Sources:
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021264s010lbl.pdf
Page: 4
unhealthy, adult
n = 522
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: adult
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 522
Sources:
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021264s010lbl.pdf
Page: 4
Nausea 3%
Disc. AE
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous (max)
Recommended
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: steady
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Co-administed with::
trimethobenzamide
Sources:
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021264s010lbl.pdf
Page: 4
unhealthy, adult
n = 522
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: adult
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 522
Sources:
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021264s010lbl.pdf
Page: 4
Hallucination 1%
Disc. AE
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous (max)
Recommended
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: steady
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021264s010lbl.pdf
Page: 5
unhealthy, adult
n = 522
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: adult
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 522
Sources:
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021264s010lbl.pdf
Page: 5
Respiratory tract signs and symptoms 9 patients
Disc. AE
35 mg 1 times / day steady, sublingual (max)
Recommended
Dose: 35 mg, 1 times / day
Route: sublingual
Route: steady
Dose: 35 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31818699/
unhealthy, mean 62.9 years
n = 54
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: mean 62.9 years
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 54
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31818699/
Overview

Overview

CYP3A4CYP2C9CYP2D6hERG
inducer
781
inhibitor
1767
inhibitor
1852

OverviewOther

Other InhibitorOther SubstrateOther Inducer
CYP1A2
1524

CYP2B6
810

CYP2C8
911

CYP2C19
1478

CYP3A4/5
278

BCRP
699

BSEP
402

P-gp
1461

MRP2
383

MRP3
157

MRP4
204

MATE1
306

MATE2
263

OATP1B1
788

OATP1B3
706

OAT1
599

OAT3
642

OCT1
512

OCT2
647
UGT
192

sulfotransferases
38

CYP2B6
664

CYP2C8
693

CYP3A4/5
85
CYP1A2
701

CYP2B6
547

OCT1
35

P-gp
257

MRP2
111

MRP3
53

OATP1B1
26

BCRP
75
Drug as perpetrator​

Drug as perpetrator​

TargetModalityActivityMetaboliteClinical evidence
BCRP
773
 no
BSEP
403
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
CYP1A2
1692
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
CYP1A2
1692
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
CYP2B6
1001
 no
CYP2B6
1001
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
CYP2B6
1001
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
CYP2C19
1553
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
CYP2C8
965
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
CYP2C9
1819
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
CYP2D6
1891
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
CYP3A4
1925
 no
CYP3A4
1925
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
CYP3A4/5
335
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
MATE2
263
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
MRP2
475
 no
MRP2
475
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
MRP3
207
 no
MRP4
238
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
OATP1B1
803
 no
OATP1B1
803
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
OATP1B3
715
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
OCT1
543
 no
OCT1
543
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
OCT2
648
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
P-gp
1650
 no
P-gp
1650
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
BCRP
773
 weak [Inhibition 50 uM]
apomorphine glucuronide
3
MATE1
308
 weak [Inhibition 50 uM]
apomorphine glucuronide
3
OAT1
603
 weak [Inhibition 50 uM]
apomorphine glucuronide
3
OAT3
644
 weak [Inhibition 50 uM]
apomorphine glucuronide
3
MRP3
207
 yes [IC50 50 uM]
apomorphine glucuronide
3
CYP1A2
1692
 yes
Drug as victim

Drug as victim

TargetModalityActivityMetaboliteClinical evidence
CYP2B6
664
 yes
CYP2C8
693
 yes
CYP3A4/5
85
 yes
UGT
192
 yes
sulfotransferases
38
 yes
Sourcing

Sourcing

Vendor/AggregatorIDURL
ChEBI
CHEBI:48538
https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:48538
ZINC
ZINC000000009073
http://zinc15.docking.org/substances/ZINC000000009073
eMolecules
901400
https://www.emolecules.com/cgi-bin/more?vid=901400
PubMed

PubMed

TitleDatePubMed
Cardiovascular responses to intrathecal dopamine receptor agonists in conscious DOCA-salt hypertensive rats.
1999
Modulatory role of 5-HT3 receptors in mediation of apomorphine-induced aggressive behaviour in male rats.
1999 Dec
Inhibition by ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 of cocaine-induced hyperactivity, conditioned place preference, and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice.
1999 Jul
Modification of naloxone-induced withdrawal signs by dextromethorphan in morphine-dependent mice.
1999 Jul 14
Drug-induced motor complications in dopa-responsive dystonia: implications for the pathogenesis of dyskinesias and motor fluctuations.
1999 Jul-Aug
Catecholamines participate in the induction of ornithine decarboxylase gene expression in normal and hyperplastic mouse kidney.
1999 May 31
Inhibition of amphetamine- and apomorphine-induced behavioural effects by neuropeptide Y Y(1) receptor antagonist BIBO 3304.
2000 Apr 27
Apomorphine-induced aggressive behaviour and post-mortem monoamine content in male Wistar rats.
2000 Aug 4
Test conditions influence the response to a drug challenge in rodents.
2000 Mar
Activation of gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) receptors in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus reduces apomorphine-, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid- and oxytocin-induced penile erection and yawning in male rats.
2000 Mar 10
Apomorphine: an update of clinical trial results.
2000 Oct
Apomorphine: an underutilized therapy for Parkinson's disease.
2000 Sep
Dopamine agonists.
2001
A risk-benefit assessment of sildenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
2001
Intrapallidal dopamine restores motor deficits induced by 6-hydroxydopamine in the rat.
2001
Dopaminergic mRNA expression in the intact substantia nigra of unilaterally 6-OHDA-lesioned and grafted rats: an in situ hybridization study.
2001
Effects of systemic injections of dopaminergic agents on the habituation of rats submitted to an open field test.
2001
Inhibition of baclofen on morphine-induced hyperactivity, reverse tolerance and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity.
2001 Apr
Mechanisms of inverse agonism of antipsychotic drugs at the D(2) dopamine receptor: use of a mutant D(2) dopamine receptor that adopts the activated conformation.
2001 Apr
Reduced brain serotonin activity disrupts prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex. Effects of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine and p-chlorophenylalanine.
2001 Apr
Reduced dopaminergic activity in depressed suicides.
2001 Apr
Dose-dependent protective effects of apomorphine against methamphetamine-induced nigrostriatal damage.
2001 Apr 13
Effects of dopamine and dopamine-active compounds on oxytocin and vasopressin production in rat neurohypophyseal tissue cultures.
2001 Apr 2
Neostriatal muscarinic receptor subtypes involved in the generation of tremulous jaw movements in rodents implications for cholinergic involvement in parkinsonism.
2001 Apr 27
Generation and pharmacological analysis of M2 and M4 muscarinic receptor knockout mice.
2001 Apr 27
Key issues from the clinical trials of apomorphine SL.
2001 Feb
[Motor impairment, in patients with severe Parkinson's disease, associated with dopaminergic hyperstimulation (entacapone)].
2001 Feb
Comparison of the effects of infant handling, isolation, and nonhandling on acoustic startle, prepulse inhibition, locomotion, and HPA activity in the adult rat.
2001 Feb
Apomorphine in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
2001 Feb
Increased growth hormone response to apomorphine in Parkinson disease compared with multiple system atrophy.
2001 Feb
Microdialysis in Parkinsonian patient basal ganglia: acute apomorphine-induced clinical and electrophysiological effects not paralleled by changes in the release of neuroactive amino acids.
2001 Feb
Intravenous apomorphine therapy in Parkinson's disease: clinical and pharmacokinetic observations.
2001 Feb
Neuroprotective effect of vitamin E on the early model of Parkinson's disease in rat: behavioral and histochemical evidence.
2001 Feb 16
The role of neurochemical mechanisms of ventromedial hypothalamus in various models of anxiety in rats.
2001 Jan
Fatty acid derivatives of clozapine: prolonged antidopaminergic activity of docosahexaenoylclozapine in the rat.
2001 Jan
Neurotoxic regimen of methamphetamine produces evidence of behavioral sensitization in the rat.
2001 Jan
Regulation by the medial amygdala of copulation and medial preoptic dopamine release.
2001 Jan 1
Environmental novelty differentially affects c-fos mRNA expression induced by amphetamine or cocaine in subregions of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and amygdala.
2001 Jan 15
The localization of dopamine D2 receptor mRNA in the human placenta and the anti-angiogenic effect of apomorphine in the chorioallantoic membrane.
2001 Jan 19
Intranigral transplantation of solid tissue ventral mesencephalon or striatal grafts induces behavioral recovery in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats.
2001 Jan 26
Autoregulation of dopamine synthesis in subregions of the rat nucleus accumbens.
2001 Jan 5
Forced limb-use effects on the behavioral and neurochemical effects of 6-hydroxydopamine.
2001 Jun 15
Apomorphine-induced aggressive behaviour in para-chlorophenylalanine-treated male rats: implications to brain.
2001 Mar
IGF-I and bFGF improve dopamine neuron survival and behavioral outcome in parkinsonian rats receiving cultured human fetal tissue strands.
2001 Mar
The blunted plasma cortisol response to apomorphine and its relationship to treatment response in patients with schizophrenia.
2001 Mar
Oral drug therapy for erectile dysfunction.
2001 May
Apomorphine and the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: a dilemma?
2001 May
Central dopaminergic function in anorexia and bulimia nervosa: a psychoneuroendocrine approach.
2001 May
Patents

Patents

05939094
3
JP2009526755A
447
JP2011526596A
7
JP4800219B2
65
JPH083043A
3

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide
The recommended starting dose of is 0.2 mL (2 mg). Titrate on the basis of effectiveness and tolerance, up to a maximum recommended dose of 0.6 mL (6 mg)
Route of Administration: Other
In Vitro Use Guide
Apomorphine at concentrations of higher than 2 x 10(-5) M dramatically reduced the growth-stimulatory effect of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells on the scleral chondrocytes, whereas the inhibitory effect of apomorphine on the proliferation of scleral chondrocytes without RPE cells was very little
Name Type Language
APOMORPHINE
HSDB   MI   VANDF   WHO-DD  
Common Name English
APOMORPHINUM
HPUS  
Common Name English
APOMORPHINE [HSDB]
Common Name English
APOMORPHINE [VANDF]
Common Name English
VR-040
Code English
APL-130277
Code English
Apomorphine [WHO-DD]
Common Name English
VR040
Code English
4H-DIBENZO(DE,G)QUINOLINE-10,11-DIOL, 5,6,6A,7-TETRAHYDRO-6-METHYL-, (R)-
Common Name English
6A.BETA.-APORPHINE-10,11-DIOL
Common Name English
APOMORPHINUM [HPUS]
Common Name English
APOMORPHINE [MI]
Common Name English
(6AR)-5,6,6A,7-TETRAHYDRO-6-METHYL-4H-DIBENZO(DE,G)QUINOLINE-10,11-DIOL
Common Name English
Classification Tree Code System Code
NCI_THESAURUS C66884
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023
WHO-ATC G04BE07
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023
WHO-VATC QG04BE07
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023
NDF-RT N0000175580
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023
NCI_THESAURUS C38149
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023
LIVERTOX NBK548143
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023
EU-Orphan Drug EU/3/01/072
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023
FDA ORPHAN DRUG 89295
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023
WHO-ATC N04BC07
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023
NDF-RT N0000000117
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023
FDA ORPHAN DRUG 107997
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023
WHO-VATC QN04BC07
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023
Code System Code Type Description
DRUG BANK
DB00714
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
MESH
D001058
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
PUBCHEM
6005
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
EPA CompTox
DTXSID8022614
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
EVMPD
SUB12923MIG
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
ChEMBL
CHEMBL53
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
IUPHAR
33
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
ECHA (EC/EINECS)
200-360-0
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
CAS
58-00-4
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
MERCK INDEX
m2003
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY Merck Index
NCI_THESAURUS
C61639
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
FDA UNII
N21FAR7B4S
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
LACTMED
Apomorphine
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
HSDB
3289
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
CHEBI
48538
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
DRUG CENTRAL
228
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
RXCUI
1043
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY RxNorm
SMS_ID
100000090486
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
DAILYMED
N21FAR7B4S
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
WIKIPEDIA
APOMORPHINE
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:20:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
ACTIVE MOIETY
Structure of APOMORPHINE
PRODRUG (METABOLITE ACTIVE)
Structure of APOMORPHINE PALMITATE
PRODRUG (METABOLITE ACTIVE)
Structure of APOMORPHINE DIACETATE
SALT/SOLVATE (PARENT)
Structure of APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE
NIH
NCATS
PRIVACY ACT
ACCESSIBILITY
DISCLAIMER
HHS VULNERABILITY DISCLOSURE
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