Details
Stereochemistry | ABSOLUTE |
Molecular Formula | C17H17NO2.ClH |
Molecular Weight | 303.783 |
Optical Activity | UNSPECIFIED |
Defined Stereocenters | 1 / 1 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
Cl.[H][C@@]12CC3=C(C(O)=C(O)C=C3)C4=C1C(CCN2C)=CC=C4
InChI
InChIKey=SKYZYDSNJIOXRL-BTQNPOSSSA-N
InChI=1S/C17H17NO2.ClH/c1-18-8-7-10-3-2-4-12-15(10)13(18)9-11-5-6-14(19)17(20)16(11)12;/h2-6,13,19-20H,7-9H2,1H3;1H/t13-;/m1./s1
Molecular Formula | C17H17NO2 |
Molecular Weight | 267.3224 |
Charge | 0 |
Count |
|
Stereochemistry | ABSOLUTE |
Additional Stereochemistry | No |
Defined Stereocenters | 1 / 1 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Optical Activity | UNSPECIFIED |
Molecular Formula | ClH |
Molecular Weight | 36.461 |
Charge | 0 |
Count |
|
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Additional Stereochemistry | No |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
Apomorphine (brand names: Apokyn, Ixense, Spontane, Uprima) is indicated for the acute, intermittent treatment of hypomobility, “off” episodes (“end-of-dose wearing off” and unpredictable “on/off” episodes) in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease. Apomorphine has been studied as an adjunct to other medications. It is a non-ergoline dopamine agonist with high in vitro binding affinity for the dopamine D4 receptor, and moderate affinity for the dopamine D2, D3, and D5, and adrenergic α1D, α2B, α2C receptors. The precise mechanism of action as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease is unknown, although it is believed to be due to stimulation of post-synaptic dopamine D2-type receptors within the caudate-putamen in the brain.
CNS Activity
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=10511920
Curator's Comment: Apomorphine quickly passes the nasal and intestinal mucosa as well as the blood-brain barrier (depending on the administration route)
Approval Year
Targets
Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
---|---|---|---|
Target ID: CHEMBL2331075 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27561098 |
Conditions
Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
---|---|---|---|---|
Palliative | APOKYN Approved UseAPOKYN (apomorphine hydrochloride injection) is indicated for the acute, intermittent treatment of hypomobility, off episodes (end-of-dose wearing off and unpredictable on/off episodes) in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease. APOKYN has been studied as an adjunct to other medications [see Clinical Studies (14) Launch Date1.08241918E12 |
Cmax
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
47.5 pmol/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2774511/ |
30 μg/kg bw single, subcutaneous dose: 30 μg/kg bw route of administration: Subcutaneous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
APOMORPHINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
AUC
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
41.7 pmol × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2774511/ |
30 μg/kg bw single, subcutaneous dose: 30 μg/kg bw route of administration: Subcutaneous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
APOMORPHINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
T1/2
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
33.6 min EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2774511/ |
30 μg/kg bw single, subcutaneous dose: 30 μg/kg bw route of administration: Subcutaneous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
APOMORPHINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
Doses
Dose | Population | Adverse events |
---|---|---|
4 mg single, respiratory Highest studied dose Dose: 4 mg Route: respiratory Route: single Dose: 4 mg Sources: Page: Table 2 |
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years n = 5 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson's disease Age Group: 30 - 90 years Sex: unknown Population Size: 5 Sources: Page: Table 2 |
|
1.5 mg single, respiratory Recommended Dose: 1.5 mg Route: respiratory Route: single Dose: 1.5 mg Sources: Page: Table 2 |
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years n = 32 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson's disease Age Group: 30 - 90 years Sex: unknown Population Size: 32 Sources: Page: Table 2 |
Other AEs: Somnolence, Dysgeusia... Other AEs: Somnolence (1 patient) Sources: Page: Table 2Dysgeusia (1 patient) Dizziness (1 patient) Orthostatic hypotension (1 patient) |
2.3 mg single, respiratory Recommended Dose: 2.3 mg Route: respiratory Route: single Dose: 2.3 mg Sources: Page: Table 2 |
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years n = 18 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson's disease Age Group: 30 - 90 years Sex: unknown Population Size: 18 Sources: Page: Table 2 |
|
3 mg single, respiratory Recommended Dose: 3 mg Route: respiratory Route: single Dose: 3 mg Sources: Page: Table 2 |
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years n = 12 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson's disease Age Group: 30 - 90 years Sex: unknown Population Size: 12 Sources: Page: Table 2 |
Other AEs: Somnolence, Yawning... Other AEs: Somnolence (1 patient) Sources: Page: Table 2Yawning (1 patient) Flushing (1 patient) |
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous Recommended Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Route: subcutaneous Route: steady Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: Fig. 1 |
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years n = 114 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson's disease Age Group: 44 - 87 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 114 Sources: Page: Fig. 1 |
Disc. AE: Cognitive impairment, Skin reaction... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Cognitive impairment (16 patients) Sources: Page: Fig. 1Skin reaction (14 patients) Posture abnormal (12 patients) Psychosis (11 patient) Anxiety/depression (11 patient) Hypotension (3 patients) Gastrointestinal disorder (NOS) (1 patient) Cardiovascular disorder (1 patient) Weight loss (1 patient) Excessive daytime sleepiness (1 patient) |
4 mg 1 times / day multiple, subcutaneous (mean) Highest studied dose Dose: 4 mg, 1 times / day Route: subcutaneous Route: multiple Dose: 4 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 65.21 years n = 546 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson's disease Age Group: 65.21 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 546 Sources: |
Disc. AE: Nausea and vomiting... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Nausea and vomiting (187 patients) Sources: |
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous (max) Recommended Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Route: subcutaneous Route: steady Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Co-administed with:: trimethobenzamide Sources: Page: 4 |
unhealthy, adult n = 522 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson's disease Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Population Size: 522 Sources: Page: 4 |
Disc. AE: Nausea, Vomiting... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Nausea (3%) Sources: Page: 4Vomiting (2%) |
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous (max) Recommended Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Route: subcutaneous Route: steady Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: 5 |
unhealthy, adult n = 522 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson's disease Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Population Size: 522 Sources: Page: 5 |
Disc. AE: Hallucination... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Hallucination (1%) Sources: Page: 5 |
35 mg 1 times / day steady, sublingual (max) Recommended Dose: 35 mg, 1 times / day Route: sublingual Route: steady Dose: 35 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, mean 62.9 years n = 54 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson's disease Age Group: mean 62.9 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 54 Sources: |
Disc. AE: Respiratory tract signs and symptoms... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Respiratory tract signs and symptoms (9 patients) Sources: |
AEs
AE | Significance | Dose | Population |
---|---|---|---|
Dizziness | 1 patient | 1.5 mg single, respiratory Recommended Dose: 1.5 mg Route: respiratory Route: single Dose: 1.5 mg Sources: Page: Table 2 |
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years n = 32 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson's disease Age Group: 30 - 90 years Sex: unknown Population Size: 32 Sources: Page: Table 2 |
Dysgeusia | 1 patient | 1.5 mg single, respiratory Recommended Dose: 1.5 mg Route: respiratory Route: single Dose: 1.5 mg Sources: Page: Table 2 |
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years n = 32 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson's disease Age Group: 30 - 90 years Sex: unknown Population Size: 32 Sources: Page: Table 2 |
Orthostatic hypotension | 1 patient | 1.5 mg single, respiratory Recommended Dose: 1.5 mg Route: respiratory Route: single Dose: 1.5 mg Sources: Page: Table 2 |
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years n = 32 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson's disease Age Group: 30 - 90 years Sex: unknown Population Size: 32 Sources: Page: Table 2 |
Somnolence | 1 patient | 1.5 mg single, respiratory Recommended Dose: 1.5 mg Route: respiratory Route: single Dose: 1.5 mg Sources: Page: Table 2 |
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years n = 32 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson's disease Age Group: 30 - 90 years Sex: unknown Population Size: 32 Sources: Page: Table 2 |
Flushing | 1 patient | 3 mg single, respiratory Recommended Dose: 3 mg Route: respiratory Route: single Dose: 3 mg Sources: Page: Table 2 |
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years n = 12 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson's disease Age Group: 30 - 90 years Sex: unknown Population Size: 12 Sources: Page: Table 2 |
Somnolence | 1 patient | 3 mg single, respiratory Recommended Dose: 3 mg Route: respiratory Route: single Dose: 3 mg Sources: Page: Table 2 |
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years n = 12 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson's disease Age Group: 30 - 90 years Sex: unknown Population Size: 12 Sources: Page: Table 2 |
Yawning | 1 patient | 3 mg single, respiratory Recommended Dose: 3 mg Route: respiratory Route: single Dose: 3 mg Sources: Page: Table 2 |
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years n = 12 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson's disease Age Group: 30 - 90 years Sex: unknown Population Size: 12 Sources: Page: Table 2 |
Cardiovascular disorder | 1 patient Disc. AE |
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous Recommended Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Route: subcutaneous Route: steady Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: Fig. 1 |
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years n = 114 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson's disease Age Group: 44 - 87 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 114 Sources: Page: Fig. 1 |
Excessive daytime sleepiness | 1 patient Disc. AE |
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous Recommended Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Route: subcutaneous Route: steady Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: Fig. 1 |
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years n = 114 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson's disease Age Group: 44 - 87 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 114 Sources: Page: Fig. 1 |
Gastrointestinal disorder (NOS) | 1 patient Disc. AE |
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous Recommended Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Route: subcutaneous Route: steady Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: Fig. 1 |
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years n = 114 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson's disease Age Group: 44 - 87 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 114 Sources: Page: Fig. 1 |
Weight loss | 1 patient Disc. AE |
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous Recommended Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Route: subcutaneous Route: steady Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: Fig. 1 |
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years n = 114 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson's disease Age Group: 44 - 87 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 114 Sources: Page: Fig. 1 |
Anxiety/depression | 11 patient Disc. AE |
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous Recommended Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Route: subcutaneous Route: steady Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: Fig. 1 |
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years n = 114 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson's disease Age Group: 44 - 87 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 114 Sources: Page: Fig. 1 |
Psychosis | 11 patient Disc. AE |
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous Recommended Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Route: subcutaneous Route: steady Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: Fig. 1 |
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years n = 114 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson's disease Age Group: 44 - 87 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 114 Sources: Page: Fig. 1 |
Posture abnormal | 12 patients Disc. AE |
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous Recommended Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Route: subcutaneous Route: steady Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: Fig. 1 |
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years n = 114 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson's disease Age Group: 44 - 87 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 114 Sources: Page: Fig. 1 |
Skin reaction | 14 patients Disc. AE |
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous Recommended Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Route: subcutaneous Route: steady Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: Fig. 1 |
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years n = 114 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson's disease Age Group: 44 - 87 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 114 Sources: Page: Fig. 1 |
Cognitive impairment | 16 patients Disc. AE |
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous Recommended Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Route: subcutaneous Route: steady Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: Fig. 1 |
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years n = 114 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson's disease Age Group: 44 - 87 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 114 Sources: Page: Fig. 1 |
Hypotension | 3 patients Disc. AE |
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous Recommended Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Route: subcutaneous Route: steady Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: Fig. 1 |
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years n = 114 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson's disease Age Group: 44 - 87 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 114 Sources: Page: Fig. 1 |
Nausea and vomiting | 187 patients Disc. AE |
4 mg 1 times / day multiple, subcutaneous (mean) Highest studied dose Dose: 4 mg, 1 times / day Route: subcutaneous Route: multiple Dose: 4 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 65.21 years n = 546 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson's disease Age Group: 65.21 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 546 Sources: |
Vomiting | 2% Disc. AE |
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous (max) Recommended Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Route: subcutaneous Route: steady Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Co-administed with:: trimethobenzamide Sources: Page: 4 |
unhealthy, adult n = 522 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson's disease Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Population Size: 522 Sources: Page: 4 |
Nausea | 3% Disc. AE |
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous (max) Recommended Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Route: subcutaneous Route: steady Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Co-administed with:: trimethobenzamide Sources: Page: 4 |
unhealthy, adult n = 522 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson's disease Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Population Size: 522 Sources: Page: 4 |
Hallucination | 1% Disc. AE |
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous (max) Recommended Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Route: subcutaneous Route: steady Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: 5 |
unhealthy, adult n = 522 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson's disease Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Population Size: 522 Sources: Page: 5 |
Respiratory tract signs and symptoms | 9 patients Disc. AE |
35 mg 1 times / day steady, sublingual (max) Recommended Dose: 35 mg, 1 times / day Route: sublingual Route: steady Dose: 35 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, mean 62.9 years n = 54 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson's disease Age Group: mean 62.9 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 54 Sources: |
Overview
CYP3A4 | CYP2C9 | CYP2D6 | hERG |
---|---|---|---|
OverviewOther
Other Inhibitor | Other Substrate | Other Inducer |
---|---|---|
Drug as perpetrator
Drug as victim
Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2020/210875Orig1s000ClinPharmR.pdf#page=28 Page: 28.0 |
yes | |||
Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2020/210875Orig1s000ClinPharmR.pdf#page=28 Page: 28.0 |
yes | |||
Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2020/210875Orig1s000ClinPharmR.pdf#page=28 Page: 28.0 |
yes | |||
yes | ||||
Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2020/210875Orig1s000ClinPharmR.pdf#page=15 Page: 15.0 |
yes |
PubMed
Title | Date | PubMed |
---|---|---|
Involvement of GABAergic neurotransmission in the neurobiology of the apomorphine-induced aggressive behavior paradigm, a model of psychotic behavior in rats. | 2000 Oct |
|
The Posturo-Locomotion-Manual Test. A simple method for the characterization of neurological movement disturbances. | 2001 |
|
Dopamine agonists. | 2001 |
|
A risk-benefit assessment of sildenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. | 2001 |
|
Compulsive checking behavior of quinpirole-sensitized rats as an animal model of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder(OCD): form and control. | 2001 |
|
Dopaminergic mRNA expression in the intact substantia nigra of unilaterally 6-OHDA-lesioned and grafted rats: an in situ hybridization study. | 2001 |
|
Acute trazodone and quipazine treatment attenuates apomorphine-induced aggressive behaviour in male rats without major impact on emotional behaviour or monoamine content post mortem. | 2001 Apr |
|
Inhibition of baclofen on morphine-induced hyperactivity, reverse tolerance and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity. | 2001 Apr |
|
The effects of apomorphine and haloperidol on memory consolidation in the day-old chick. | 2001 Apr |
|
Mechanisms of inverse agonism of antipsychotic drugs at the D(2) dopamine receptor: use of a mutant D(2) dopamine receptor that adopts the activated conformation. | 2001 Apr |
|
Resolution of stroke deficits following contralateral grafts of conditionally immortal neuroepithelial stem cells. | 2001 Apr |
|
Effects of R- and S-apomorphine on MPTP-induced nigro-striatal dopamine neuronal loss. | 2001 Apr |
|
A nitric oxide-dopamine link pathway in organum vasculosum laminae terminalis of rat brain exerts control over blood pressure. | 2001 Apr |
|
Attenuation of paraquat-induced dopaminergic toxicity on the substantia nigra by (-)-deprenyl in vivo. | 2001 Apr 1 |
|
Dose-dependent protective effects of apomorphine against methamphetamine-induced nigrostriatal damage. | 2001 Apr 13 |
|
Growth and functional efficacy of intrastriatal nigral transplants depend on the extent of nigrostriatal degeneration. | 2001 Apr 15 |
|
Neostriatal muscarinic receptor subtypes involved in the generation of tremulous jaw movements in rodents implications for cholinergic involvement in parkinsonism. | 2001 Apr 27 |
|
Generation and pharmacological analysis of M2 and M4 muscarinic receptor knockout mice. | 2001 Apr 27 |
|
NMDA glutamate receptor stimulation is required for the expression of D2 dopamine mediated responses in apomorphine primed 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats. | 2001 Apr 6 |
|
Orphanin FQ/nociceptin attenuates motor stimulation and changes in nucleus accumbens extracellular dopamine induced by cocaine in rats. | 2001 Feb |
|
Key issues from the clinical trials of apomorphine SL. | 2001 Feb |
|
[Motor impairment, in patients with severe Parkinson's disease, associated with dopaminergic hyperstimulation (entacapone)]. | 2001 Feb |
|
Comparison of the effects of infant handling, isolation, and nonhandling on acoustic startle, prepulse inhibition, locomotion, and HPA activity in the adult rat. | 2001 Feb |
|
Microencapsulated bovine chromaffin cell xenografts into hemiparkinsonian rats: a drug-induced rotational behavior and histological changes analysis. | 2001 Feb |
|
Apomorphine in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. | 2001 Feb |
|
The role of neurochemical mechanisms of ventromedial hypothalamus in various models of anxiety in rats. | 2001 Jan |
|
Clinical and electrophysiological effects of apomorphine in Parkinson's disease patients are not paralleled by amino acid release changes: a microdialysis study. | 2001 Jan-Mar |
|
Erectile dysfunction. | 2001 Jun |
|
Startle and sensorimotor gating in rats lacking CCK-A receptors. | 2001 Jun |
|
Dopamine attenuates prefrontal cortical suppression of sensory inputs to the basolateral amygdala of rats. | 2001 Jun 1 |
|
Entopeduncular lesions facilitate and thalamic lesions depress spontaneous and drug-evoked motor behavior in the hemiparkinsonian rat. | 2001 Jun 1 |
|
Forced limb-use effects on the behavioral and neurochemical effects of 6-hydroxydopamine. | 2001 Jun 15 |
|
Corticosterone selectively attenuates 8-OH-DPAT-mediated hypothermia in mice. | 2001 Mar |
|
Reproductive experience modulates dopamine-related behavioral responses. | 2001 Mar |
|
Stimulus properties of 7-OH-DPAT versus auto- and postsynaptic receptor-specific doses of quinpirole. | 2001 Mar |
|
Psychopathological correlates of reduced dopamine receptor sensitivity in depression, schizophrenia, and opiate and alcohol dependence. | 2001 Mar |
|
Consensus statement on the role of acute dopaminergic challenge in Parkinson's disease. | 2001 Mar |
|
Neural modulation of visuomotor functions underlying prey-catching behaviour in anurans: perception, attention, motor performance, learning. | 2001 Mar |
|
Apomorphine-induced aggressive behaviour in para-chlorophenylalanine-treated male rats: implications to brain. | 2001 Mar |
|
Potent, hydroxyl radical-scavenging effect of apomorphine with iron and dopamine perfusion in rat striatum. | 2001 Mar 30 |
|
Oral drug therapy for erectile dysfunction. | 2001 May |
|
Pharmacology of erectile function and dysfunction. | 2001 May |
|
Apomorphine and the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: a dilemma? | 2001 May |
|
The broad-spectrum anti-emetic activity of AS-8112, a novel dopamine D2, D3 and 5-HT3 receptors antagonist. | 2001 May |
|
Control of serotonergic neurons in rat brain by dopaminergic receptors outside the dorsal raphe nucleus. | 2001 May |
|
Interaction between D2 dopaminergic and glutamatergic excitatory influences on lower urinary tract function in normal and cerebral-infarcted rats. | 2001 May |
|
Cannabinoid CB(1) receptor agonists produce cerebellar dysfunction in mice. | 2001 May |
|
Central dopaminergic function in anorexia and bulimia nervosa: a psychoneuroendocrine approach. | 2001 May |
|
Intrasubthalamic injection of 6-hydroxydopamine induces changes in the firing rate and pattern of subthalamic nucleus neurons in the rat. | 2001 May |
|
Additive effect of clonidine and fluoxetine on apomorphine-induced aggressive behavior in adult male Wistar rats. | 2001 May-Jun |
Sample Use Guides
The recommended starting dose of is 0.2 mL (2 mg). Titrate on the basis of effectiveness and tolerance, up to a maximum recommended dose of 0.6 mL (6 mg)
Route of Administration:
Other
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9377797
Apomorphine at concentrations of higher than 2 x 10(-5) M dramatically reduced the growth-stimulatory effect of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells on the scleral chondrocytes, whereas the inhibitory effect of apomorphine on the proliferation of scleral chondrocytes without RPE cells was very little
Substance Class |
Chemical
Created
by
admin
on
Edited
Wed Jul 05 22:40:06 UTC 2023
by
admin
on
Wed Jul 05 22:40:06 UTC 2023
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Record UNII |
9K13MD7A0D
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Record Status |
Validated (UNII)
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Record Version |
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NCI_THESAURUS |
C66884
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NCI_THESAURUS |
C443
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NCI_THESAURUS |
C67413
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NCI_THESAURUS |
C67439
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9K13MD7A0D
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M2003
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206-243-0
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DTXSID5040598
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SUB127079
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9410
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11442
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314-19-2
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C80572
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DB12276
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PARENT -> SALT/SOLVATE | |||
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SOLVATE->ANHYDROUS |
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ACTIVE MOIETY |