U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Divider Arrow National Institutes of Health Divider Arrow NCATS

Details

Stereochemistry ABSOLUTE
Molecular Formula C17H17NO2.ClH
Molecular Weight 303.783
Optical Activity UNSPECIFIED
Defined Stereocenters 1 / 1
E/Z Centers 0
Charge 0

SHOW SMILES / InChI
Structure of APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE ANHYDROUS

SMILES

Cl.[H][C@@]12CC3=C(C(O)=C(O)C=C3)C4=C1C(CCN2C)=CC=C4

InChI

InChIKey=SKYZYDSNJIOXRL-BTQNPOSSSA-N
InChI=1S/C17H17NO2.ClH/c1-18-8-7-10-3-2-4-12-15(10)13(18)9-11-5-6-14(19)17(20)16(11)12;/h2-6,13,19-20H,7-9H2,1H3;1H/t13-;/m1./s1

HIDE SMILES / InChI
Molecular Formula C17H17NO2
Molecular Weight 267.3224
Charge 0
Count
Stereochemistry ABSOLUTE
Additional Stereochemistry No
Defined Stereocenters 1 / 1
E/Z Centers 0
Optical Activity UNSPECIFIED
Molecular Formula ClH
Molecular Weight 36.461
Charge 0
Count
Stereochemistry ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry No
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 0
E/Z Centers 0
Optical Activity NONE

Description

Apomorphine (brand names: Apokyn, Ixense, Spontane, Uprima) is indicated for the acute, intermittent treatment of hypomobility, “off” episodes (“end-of-dose wearing off” and unpredictable “on/off” episodes) in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease. Apomorphine has been studied as an adjunct to other medications. It is a non-ergoline dopamine agonist with high in vitro binding affinity for the dopamine D4 receptor, and moderate affinity for the dopamine D2, D3, and D5, and adrenergic α1D, α2B, α2C receptors. The precise mechanism of action as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease is unknown, although it is believed to be due to stimulation of post-synaptic dopamine D2-type receptors within the caudate-putamen in the brain.

CNS Activity

CNS Active
3828
Curator's Comment: Apomorphine quickly passes the nasal and intestinal mucosa as well as the blood-brain barrier (depending on the administration route)

Approval Year

1880
8
Targets

Targets

Primary TargetPharmacologyConditionPotency
Agonist
2662
Conditions

Conditions

ConditionModalityTargetsHighest PhaseProduct
Palliative
Approved
8360
APOKYN

Approved Use

APOKYN (apomorphine hydrochloride injection) is indicated for the acute, intermittent treatment of hypomobility, off episodes (end-of-dose wearing off and unpredictable on/off episodes) in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease. APOKYN has been studied as an adjunct to other medications [see Clinical Studies (14)

Launch Date

1.08241918E12
Cmax

Cmax

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
47.5 pmol/mL
EXPERIMENT
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2774511/
30 μg/kg bw single, subcutaneous
dose: 30 μg/kg bw
route of administration: Subcutaneous
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
APOMORPHINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: UNKNOWN
AUC

AUC

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
41.7 pmol × h/mL
EXPERIMENT
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2774511/
30 μg/kg bw single, subcutaneous
dose: 30 μg/kg bw
route of administration: Subcutaneous
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
APOMORPHINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: UNKNOWN
T1/2

T1/2

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
33.6 min
EXPERIMENT
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2774511/
30 μg/kg bw single, subcutaneous
dose: 30 μg/kg bw
route of administration: Subcutaneous
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
APOMORPHINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: UNKNOWN
Doses

Doses

DosePopulationAdverse events​
4 mg single, respiratory
Highest studied dose
Dose: 4 mg
Route: respiratory
Route: single
Dose: 4 mg
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years
n = 5
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 30 - 90 years
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 5
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
1.5 mg single, respiratory
Recommended
Dose: 1.5 mg
Route: respiratory
Route: single
Dose: 1.5 mg
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years
n = 32
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 30 - 90 years
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 32
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
Other AEs: Somnolence, Dysgeusia...
Other AEs:
Somnolence (1 patient)
Dysgeusia (1 patient)
Dizziness (1 patient)
Orthostatic hypotension (1 patient)
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
2.3 mg single, respiratory
Recommended
Dose: 2.3 mg
Route: respiratory
Route: single
Dose: 2.3 mg
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years
n = 18
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 30 - 90 years
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 18
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
3 mg single, respiratory
Recommended
Dose: 3 mg
Route: respiratory
Route: single
Dose: 3 mg
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years
n = 12
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 30 - 90 years
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 12
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
Other AEs: Somnolence, Yawning...
Other AEs:
Somnolence (1 patient)
Yawning (1 patient)
Flushing (1 patient)
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous
Recommended
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: steady
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years
n = 114
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 44 - 87 years
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 114
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
Disc. AE: Cognitive impairment, Skin reaction...
AEs leading to
discontinuation/dose reduction:
Cognitive impairment (16 patients)
Skin reaction (14 patients)
Posture abnormal (12 patients)
Psychosis (11 patient)
Anxiety/depression (11 patient)
Hypotension (3 patients)
Gastrointestinal disorder (NOS) (1 patient)
Cardiovascular disorder (1 patient)
Weight loss (1 patient)
Excessive daytime sleepiness (1 patient)
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
4 mg 1 times / day multiple, subcutaneous (mean)
Highest studied dose
Dose: 4 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: multiple
Dose: 4 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18978491/
unhealthy, 65.21 years
n = 546
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 65.21 years
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 546
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18978491/
Disc. AE: Nausea and vomiting...
AEs leading to
discontinuation/dose reduction:
Nausea and vomiting (187 patients)
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18978491/
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous (max)
Recommended
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: steady
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Co-administed with::
trimethobenzamide
Sources:
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021264s010lbl.pdf
Page: 4
unhealthy, adult
n = 522
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: adult
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 522
Sources:
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021264s010lbl.pdf
Page: 4
Disc. AE: Nausea, Vomiting...
AEs leading to
discontinuation/dose reduction:
Nausea (3%)
Vomiting (2%)
Sources:
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021264s010lbl.pdf
Page: 4
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous (max)
Recommended
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: steady
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021264s010lbl.pdf
Page: 5
unhealthy, adult
n = 522
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: adult
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 522
Sources:
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021264s010lbl.pdf
Page: 5
Disc. AE: Hallucination...
AEs leading to
discontinuation/dose reduction:
Hallucination (1%)
Sources:
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021264s010lbl.pdf
Page: 5
35 mg 1 times / day steady, sublingual (max)
Recommended
Dose: 35 mg, 1 times / day
Route: sublingual
Route: steady
Dose: 35 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31818699/
unhealthy, mean 62.9 years
n = 54
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: mean 62.9 years
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 54
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31818699/
Disc. AE: Respiratory tract signs and symptoms...
AEs leading to
discontinuation/dose reduction:
Respiratory tract signs and symptoms (9 patients)
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31818699/
AEs

AEs

AESignificanceDosePopulation
Dizziness 1 patient
1.5 mg single, respiratory
Recommended
Dose: 1.5 mg
Route: respiratory
Route: single
Dose: 1.5 mg
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years
n = 32
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 30 - 90 years
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 32
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
Dysgeusia 1 patient
1.5 mg single, respiratory
Recommended
Dose: 1.5 mg
Route: respiratory
Route: single
Dose: 1.5 mg
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years
n = 32
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 30 - 90 years
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 32
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
Orthostatic hypotension 1 patient
1.5 mg single, respiratory
Recommended
Dose: 1.5 mg
Route: respiratory
Route: single
Dose: 1.5 mg
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years
n = 32
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 30 - 90 years
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 32
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
Somnolence 1 patient
1.5 mg single, respiratory
Recommended
Dose: 1.5 mg
Route: respiratory
Route: single
Dose: 1.5 mg
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years
n = 32
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 30 - 90 years
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 32
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
Flushing 1 patient
3 mg single, respiratory
Recommended
Dose: 3 mg
Route: respiratory
Route: single
Dose: 3 mg
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years
n = 12
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 30 - 90 years
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 12
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
Somnolence 1 patient
3 mg single, respiratory
Recommended
Dose: 3 mg
Route: respiratory
Route: single
Dose: 3 mg
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years
n = 12
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 30 - 90 years
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 12
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
Yawning 1 patient
3 mg single, respiratory
Recommended
Dose: 3 mg
Route: respiratory
Route: single
Dose: 3 mg
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
unhealthy, 30 - 90 years
n = 12
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 30 - 90 years
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 12
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527823/
Page: Table 2
Cardiovascular disorder 1 patient
Disc. AE
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous
Recommended
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: steady
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years
n = 114
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 44 - 87 years
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 114
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
Excessive daytime sleepiness 1 patient
Disc. AE
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous
Recommended
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: steady
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years
n = 114
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 44 - 87 years
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 114
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
Gastrointestinal disorder (NOS) 1 patient
Disc. AE
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous
Recommended
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: steady
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years
n = 114
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 44 - 87 years
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 114
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
Weight loss 1 patient
Disc. AE
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous
Recommended
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: steady
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years
n = 114
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 44 - 87 years
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 114
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
Anxiety/depression 11 patient
Disc. AE
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous
Recommended
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: steady
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years
n = 114
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 44 - 87 years
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 114
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
Psychosis 11 patient
Disc. AE
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous
Recommended
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: steady
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years
n = 114
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 44 - 87 years
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 114
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
Posture abnormal 12 patients
Disc. AE
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous
Recommended
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: steady
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years
n = 114
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 44 - 87 years
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 114
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
Skin reaction 14 patients
Disc. AE
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous
Recommended
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: steady
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years
n = 114
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 44 - 87 years
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 114
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
Cognitive impairment 16 patients
Disc. AE
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous
Recommended
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: steady
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years
n = 114
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 44 - 87 years
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 114
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
Hypotension 3 patients
Disc. AE
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous
Recommended
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: steady
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
unhealthy, 44 - 87 years
n = 114
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 44 - 87 years
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 114
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111272/
Page: Fig. 1
Nausea and vomiting 187 patients
Disc. AE
4 mg 1 times / day multiple, subcutaneous (mean)
Highest studied dose
Dose: 4 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: multiple
Dose: 4 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18978491/
unhealthy, 65.21 years
n = 546
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: 65.21 years
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 546
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18978491/
Vomiting 2%
Disc. AE
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous (max)
Recommended
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: steady
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Co-administed with::
trimethobenzamide
Sources:
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021264s010lbl.pdf
Page: 4
unhealthy, adult
n = 522
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: adult
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 522
Sources:
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021264s010lbl.pdf
Page: 4
Nausea 3%
Disc. AE
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous (max)
Recommended
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: steady
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Co-administed with::
trimethobenzamide
Sources:
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021264s010lbl.pdf
Page: 4
unhealthy, adult
n = 522
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: adult
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 522
Sources:
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021264s010lbl.pdf
Page: 4
Hallucination 1%
Disc. AE
10 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous (max)
Recommended
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Route: subcutaneous
Route: steady
Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021264s010lbl.pdf
Page: 5
unhealthy, adult
n = 522
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: adult
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 522
Sources:
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021264s010lbl.pdf
Page: 5
Respiratory tract signs and symptoms 9 patients
Disc. AE
35 mg 1 times / day steady, sublingual (max)
Recommended
Dose: 35 mg, 1 times / day
Route: sublingual
Route: steady
Dose: 35 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31818699/
unhealthy, mean 62.9 years
n = 54
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Age Group: mean 62.9 years
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 54
Sources:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31818699/
Overview

Overview

CYP3A4CYP2C9CYP2D6hERG
inducer
768
inhibitor
1752
inhibitor
1837

OverviewOther

Other InhibitorOther SubstrateOther Inducer
CYP1A2
1509

CYP2B6
799

CYP2C8
901

CYP2C19
1463

CYP3A4/5
273

BCRP
691

BSEP
401

P-gp
1437

MRP2
367

MRP3
157

MRP4
203

MATE1
304

MATE2
261

OATP1B1
781

OATP1B3
700

OAT1
595

OAT3
636

OCT1
506

OCT2
638
UGT
187

sulfotransferases
36

CYP2B6
660

CYP2C8
688

CYP3A4/5
85
CYP1A2
689

CYP2B6
538

OCT1
21

P-gp
257

MRP2
111

MRP3
54

OATP1B1
26

BCRP
75
Drug as perpetrator​

Drug as perpetrator​

TargetModalityActivityMetaboliteClinical evidence
BCRP
765
 no
BSEP
402
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
CYP1A2
1673
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
CYP1A2
1673
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
CYP2B6
985
 no
CYP2B6
985
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
CYP2B6
985
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
CYP2C19
1537
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
CYP2C8
955
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
CYP2C9
1803
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
CYP2D6
1875
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
CYP3A4
1909
 no
CYP3A4
1909
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
CYP3A4/5
330
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
MATE2
261
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
MRP2
459
 no
MRP2
459
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
MRP3
208
 no
MRP4
237
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
OATP1B1
796
 no
OATP1B1
796
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
OATP1B3
709
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
OCT1
523
 no
OCT1
523
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
OCT2
639
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
P-gp
1626
 no
P-gp
1626
 no
apomorphine glucuronide
3
BCRP
765
 weak [Inhibition 50 uM]
apomorphine glucuronide
3
MATE1
306
 weak [Inhibition 50 uM]
apomorphine glucuronide
3
OAT1
599
 weak [Inhibition 50 uM]
apomorphine glucuronide
3
OAT3
638
 weak [Inhibition 50 uM]
apomorphine glucuronide
3
MRP3
208
 yes [IC50 50 uM]
apomorphine glucuronide
3
CYP1A2
1673
 yes
Drug as victim

Drug as victim

TargetModalityActivityMetaboliteClinical evidence
CYP2B6
660
 yes
CYP2C8
688
 yes
CYP3A4/5
85
 yes
UGT
187
 yes
sulfotransferases
36
 yes
Sourcing

Sourcing

Vendor/AggregatorIDURL
ChEBI
CHEBI:48538
https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:48538
ZINC
ZINC000000009073
http://zinc15.docking.org/substances/ZINC000000009073
eMolecules
901400
https://www.emolecules.com/cgi-bin/more?vid=901400
PubMed

PubMed

TitleDatePubMed
Involvement of GABAergic neurotransmission in the neurobiology of the apomorphine-induced aggressive behavior paradigm, a model of psychotic behavior in rats.
2000 Oct
The Posturo-Locomotion-Manual Test. A simple method for the characterization of neurological movement disturbances.
2001
Dopamine agonists.
2001
A risk-benefit assessment of sildenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
2001
Compulsive checking behavior of quinpirole-sensitized rats as an animal model of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder(OCD): form and control.
2001
Dopaminergic mRNA expression in the intact substantia nigra of unilaterally 6-OHDA-lesioned and grafted rats: an in situ hybridization study.
2001
Acute trazodone and quipazine treatment attenuates apomorphine-induced aggressive behaviour in male rats without major impact on emotional behaviour or monoamine content post mortem.
2001 Apr
Inhibition of baclofen on morphine-induced hyperactivity, reverse tolerance and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity.
2001 Apr
The effects of apomorphine and haloperidol on memory consolidation in the day-old chick.
2001 Apr
Mechanisms of inverse agonism of antipsychotic drugs at the D(2) dopamine receptor: use of a mutant D(2) dopamine receptor that adopts the activated conformation.
2001 Apr
Resolution of stroke deficits following contralateral grafts of conditionally immortal neuroepithelial stem cells.
2001 Apr
Effects of R- and S-apomorphine on MPTP-induced nigro-striatal dopamine neuronal loss.
2001 Apr
A nitric oxide-dopamine link pathway in organum vasculosum laminae terminalis of rat brain exerts control over blood pressure.
2001 Apr
Attenuation of paraquat-induced dopaminergic toxicity on the substantia nigra by (-)-deprenyl in vivo.
2001 Apr 1
Dose-dependent protective effects of apomorphine against methamphetamine-induced nigrostriatal damage.
2001 Apr 13
Growth and functional efficacy of intrastriatal nigral transplants depend on the extent of nigrostriatal degeneration.
2001 Apr 15
Neostriatal muscarinic receptor subtypes involved in the generation of tremulous jaw movements in rodents implications for cholinergic involvement in parkinsonism.
2001 Apr 27
Generation and pharmacological analysis of M2 and M4 muscarinic receptor knockout mice.
2001 Apr 27
NMDA glutamate receptor stimulation is required for the expression of D2 dopamine mediated responses in apomorphine primed 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats.
2001 Apr 6
Orphanin FQ/nociceptin attenuates motor stimulation and changes in nucleus accumbens extracellular dopamine induced by cocaine in rats.
2001 Feb
Key issues from the clinical trials of apomorphine SL.
2001 Feb
[Motor impairment, in patients with severe Parkinson's disease, associated with dopaminergic hyperstimulation (entacapone)].
2001 Feb
Comparison of the effects of infant handling, isolation, and nonhandling on acoustic startle, prepulse inhibition, locomotion, and HPA activity in the adult rat.
2001 Feb
Microencapsulated bovine chromaffin cell xenografts into hemiparkinsonian rats: a drug-induced rotational behavior and histological changes analysis.
2001 Feb
Apomorphine in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
2001 Feb
The role of neurochemical mechanisms of ventromedial hypothalamus in various models of anxiety in rats.
2001 Jan
Clinical and electrophysiological effects of apomorphine in Parkinson's disease patients are not paralleled by amino acid release changes: a microdialysis study.
2001 Jan-Mar
Erectile dysfunction.
2001 Jun
Startle and sensorimotor gating in rats lacking CCK-A receptors.
2001 Jun
Dopamine attenuates prefrontal cortical suppression of sensory inputs to the basolateral amygdala of rats.
2001 Jun 1
Entopeduncular lesions facilitate and thalamic lesions depress spontaneous and drug-evoked motor behavior in the hemiparkinsonian rat.
2001 Jun 1
Forced limb-use effects on the behavioral and neurochemical effects of 6-hydroxydopamine.
2001 Jun 15
Corticosterone selectively attenuates 8-OH-DPAT-mediated hypothermia in mice.
2001 Mar
Reproductive experience modulates dopamine-related behavioral responses.
2001 Mar
Stimulus properties of 7-OH-DPAT versus auto- and postsynaptic receptor-specific doses of quinpirole.
2001 Mar
Psychopathological correlates of reduced dopamine receptor sensitivity in depression, schizophrenia, and opiate and alcohol dependence.
2001 Mar
Consensus statement on the role of acute dopaminergic challenge in Parkinson's disease.
2001 Mar
Neural modulation of visuomotor functions underlying prey-catching behaviour in anurans: perception, attention, motor performance, learning.
2001 Mar
Apomorphine-induced aggressive behaviour in para-chlorophenylalanine-treated male rats: implications to brain.
2001 Mar
Potent, hydroxyl radical-scavenging effect of apomorphine with iron and dopamine perfusion in rat striatum.
2001 Mar 30
Oral drug therapy for erectile dysfunction.
2001 May
Pharmacology of erectile function and dysfunction.
2001 May
Apomorphine and the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: a dilemma?
2001 May
The broad-spectrum anti-emetic activity of AS-8112, a novel dopamine D2, D3 and 5-HT3 receptors antagonist.
2001 May
Control of serotonergic neurons in rat brain by dopaminergic receptors outside the dorsal raphe nucleus.
2001 May
Interaction between D2 dopaminergic and glutamatergic excitatory influences on lower urinary tract function in normal and cerebral-infarcted rats.
2001 May
Cannabinoid CB(1) receptor agonists produce cerebellar dysfunction in mice.
2001 May
Central dopaminergic function in anorexia and bulimia nervosa: a psychoneuroendocrine approach.
2001 May
Intrasubthalamic injection of 6-hydroxydopamine induces changes in the firing rate and pattern of subthalamic nucleus neurons in the rat.
2001 May
Additive effect of clonidine and fluoxetine on apomorphine-induced aggressive behavior in adult male Wistar rats.
2001 May-Jun
Patents

Patents

05939094
3
JP2009526755A
442
JP2011526596A
7
JP4800219B2
65
JPH083043A
3

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide
The recommended starting dose of is 0.2 mL (2 mg). Titrate on the basis of effectiveness and tolerance, up to a maximum recommended dose of 0.6 mL (6 mg)
Route of Administration: Other
In Vitro Use Guide
Apomorphine at concentrations of higher than 2 x 10(-5) M dramatically reduced the growth-stimulatory effect of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells on the scleral chondrocytes, whereas the inhibitory effect of apomorphine on the proliferation of scleral chondrocytes without RPE cells was very little
Substance Class Chemical
Created
by admin
on Wed Jul 05 22:40:06 UTC 2023
Edited
by admin
on Wed Jul 05 22:40:06 UTC 2023
Record UNII
9K13MD7A0D
Record Status Validated (UNII)
Record Version
  • Download
Name Type Language
APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE ANHYDROUS
Common Name English
APOKINON
Brand Name English
BRITAJECT
Brand Name English
NSC-11442
Code English
APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE [MI]
Common Name English
APOMINE
Brand Name English
6A.BETA.-APORPHINE-10,11-DIOL HYDROCHLORIDE
Common Name English
ANHYDROUS APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Common Name English
(6AR)-5,6,6A,7-TETRAHYDRO-6-METHYL-4H-DIBENZO(DE,G)QUINOLINE-10,11-DIOL HYDROCHLORIDE
Common Name English
4H-DIBENZO(DE,G)QUINOLINE-10,11-DIOL, 5,6,6A,7-TETRAHYDRO-6-METHYL-, HYDROCHLORIDE, (R)-
Common Name English
Classification Tree Code System Code
NCI_THESAURUS C66884
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 22:40:06 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 22:40:06 UTC 2023
NCI_THESAURUS C443
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 22:40:06 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 22:40:06 UTC 2023
NCI_THESAURUS C67413
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 22:40:06 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 22:40:06 UTC 2023
NCI_THESAURUS C67439
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 22:40:06 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 22:40:06 UTC 2023
Code System Code Type Description
FDA UNII
9K13MD7A0D
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 22:40:06 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 22:40:06 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
MERCK INDEX
M2003
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 22:40:06 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 22:40:06 UTC 2023
PRIMARY Merck Index
ECHA (EC/EINECS)
206-243-0
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 22:40:06 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 22:40:06 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
EPA CompTox
DTXSID5040598
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 22:40:06 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 22:40:06 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
EVMPD
SUB127079
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 22:40:06 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 22:40:06 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
PUBCHEM
9410
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 22:40:06 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 22:40:06 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
NSC
11442
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 22:40:06 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 22:40:06 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
CAS
314-19-2
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 22:40:06 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 22:40:06 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
NCI_THESAURUS
C80572
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 22:40:06 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 22:40:06 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
DRUG BANK
DB12276
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 22:40:06 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 22:40:06 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
Related Record Type Details
Structure of APOMORPHINE
PARENT -> SALT/SOLVATE
Structure of APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE
SOLVATE->ANHYDROUS
Related Record Type Details
Structure of APOMORPHINE
ACTIVE MOIETY
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