Details
| Stereochemistry | ABSOLUTE |
| Molecular Formula | C10H13NO4.ClH |
| Molecular Weight | 247.675 |
| Optical Activity | UNSPECIFIED |
| Defined Stereocenters | 1 / 1 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
Cl.COC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC1=CC(O)=C(O)C=C1
InChI
InChIKey=WFGNJLMSYIJWII-FJXQXJEOSA-N
InChI=1S/C10H13NO4.ClH/c1-15-10(14)7(11)4-6-2-3-8(12)9(13)5-6;/h2-3,5,7,12-13H,4,11H2,1H3;1H/t7-;/m0./s1
DescriptionCurator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23948989
http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2010/021485s20lbl.pdf
Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23948989
http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2010/021485s20lbl.pdf
Levodopa (L-DOPA) was first isolated from seedlings of Vicia faba by Marcus Guggenheim in 1913. Levodopa, a dopamine precursor, is an effective and well-tolerated dopamine replacement agent used to treat Parkinson's disease. Oral levodopa has been widely used for over 40 years, often in combination with a dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor carbidopa, which reduces many treatment complications, extending its half-life and increasing levodopa availability to the brain. Entacapone, a catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor, can also be used to improve the bioavailability of levodopa, especially when used in conjunction with a carbidopa.
CNS Activity
Approval Year
Targets
| Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
|---|---|---|---|
Target ID: CHEMBL2056 |
|||
Target ID: CHEMBL2096905 |
Conditions
| Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Stalevo Approved UseStalevo® (carbidopa, levodopa and entacapone) is indicated to treat patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Launch Date2003 |
Cmax
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
0.946 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22549097 |
100 mg single, oral dose: 100 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: CARBIDOPA, DL- |
LEVODOPA plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
AUC
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
84.8 μg × min/mL EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22549097 |
100 mg single, oral dose: 100 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: CARBIDOPA, DL- |
LEVODOPA plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
T1/2
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
78.7 min EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22549097 |
100 mg single, oral dose: 100 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: CARBIDOPA, DL- |
LEVODOPA plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
Funbound
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
80% |
LEVODOPA plasma | Homo sapiens |
Doses
| Dose | Population | Adverse events |
|---|---|---|
3 g 1 times / day multiple, oral Dose: 3 g, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 3 g, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 54 years n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: idiopathic Parkinson's disease Age Group: 54 years Sex: F Population Size: 1 Sources: |
Disc. AE: Alopecia... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Alopecia (1 patient) Sources: |
420 mg 1 times / day multiple, respiratory Recommended Dose: 420 mg, 1 times / day Route: respiratory Route: multiple Dose: 420 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sources: |
|
84 mg 2 times / day multiple, respiratory Recommended Dose: 84 mg, 2 times / day Route: respiratory Route: multiple Dose: 84 mg, 2 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, adult n = 114 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson’s disease Age Group: adult Population Size: 114 Sources: |
Disc. AE: Cough... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Cough (2%) Sources: |
0.51 mg/kg 3 times / day steady, oral Dose: 0.51 mg/kg, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 0.51 mg/kg, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, child|adult n = 15 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Vision Impairment Age Group: child|adult Population Size: 15 Sources: |
Other AEs: Headache, Nausea... Other AEs: Headache (below serious, 2 patients) Sources: Nausea (below serious, 2 patients) |
0.76 mg/kg 3 times / day steady, oral Dose: 0.76 mg/kg, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 0.76 mg/kg, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, child|adult n = 15 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Vision Impairment Age Group: child|adult Population Size: 15 Sources: |
Other AEs: Headache, Dry mouth... Other AEs: Headache (below serious, 1 patient) Sources: Dry mouth (below serious, 2 patients) Nausea (below serious, 1 patient) Fatigue (below serious, 2 patients) |
AEs
| AE | Significance | Dose | Population |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alopecia | 1 patient Disc. AE |
3 g 1 times / day multiple, oral Dose: 3 g, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 3 g, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 54 years n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: idiopathic Parkinson's disease Age Group: 54 years Sex: F Population Size: 1 Sources: |
| Cough | 2% Disc. AE |
84 mg 2 times / day multiple, respiratory Recommended Dose: 84 mg, 2 times / day Route: respiratory Route: multiple Dose: 84 mg, 2 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, adult n = 114 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Parkinson’s disease Age Group: adult Population Size: 114 Sources: |
| Headache | below serious, 2 patients | 0.51 mg/kg 3 times / day steady, oral Dose: 0.51 mg/kg, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 0.51 mg/kg, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, child|adult n = 15 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Vision Impairment Age Group: child|adult Population Size: 15 Sources: |
| Nausea | below serious, 2 patients | 0.51 mg/kg 3 times / day steady, oral Dose: 0.51 mg/kg, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 0.51 mg/kg, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, child|adult n = 15 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Vision Impairment Age Group: child|adult Population Size: 15 Sources: |
| Headache | below serious, 1 patient | 0.76 mg/kg 3 times / day steady, oral Dose: 0.76 mg/kg, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 0.76 mg/kg, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, child|adult n = 15 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Vision Impairment Age Group: child|adult Population Size: 15 Sources: |
| Nausea | below serious, 1 patient | 0.76 mg/kg 3 times / day steady, oral Dose: 0.76 mg/kg, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 0.76 mg/kg, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, child|adult n = 15 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Vision Impairment Age Group: child|adult Population Size: 15 Sources: |
| Dry mouth | below serious, 2 patients | 0.76 mg/kg 3 times / day steady, oral Dose: 0.76 mg/kg, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 0.76 mg/kg, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, child|adult n = 15 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Vision Impairment Age Group: child|adult Population Size: 15 Sources: |
| Fatigue | below serious, 2 patients | 0.76 mg/kg 3 times / day steady, oral Dose: 0.76 mg/kg, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 0.76 mg/kg, 3 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, child|adult n = 15 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Vision Impairment Age Group: child|adult Population Size: 15 Sources: |
PubMed
| Title | Date | PubMed |
|---|---|---|
| The effects of combining carbidopa with levodopa for Parkinson's disease. | 1975 Dec |
|
| Levodopa-induced postural hypotension. Treatment with fludrocortisone. | 1975 Jan |
|
| [Abnormal movements induced by L-dopa. New therapeutic possibilities]. | 1975 Jan 25 |
|
| Persistent parkinsonism following neuroleptanalgesia. | 1975 May |
|
| Functional mapping of the human globus pallidus: contrasting effect of stimulation in the internal and external pallidum in Parkinson's disease. | 2000 |
|
| [Amantadine for the treatment of levodopa dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease]. | 2000 |
|
| [Dopaminergic agonists in the treatment of Parkinson's disease]. | 2000 Dec |
|
| Evidence of functional somatotopy in GPi from results of pallidotomy. | 2000 Dec |
|
| Effect of subthalamic nucleus stimulation on levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease. | 2000 Dec 26 |
|
| Four novel mutations in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in patients with infantile parkinsonism. | 2000 Jan |
|
| Detection and assessment of the severity of levodopa-induced dyskinesia in patients with Parkinson's disease by neural networks. | 2000 Nov |
|
| Centrally initiated postural adjustments in parkinsonian patients on and off levodopa. | 2000 Nov |
|
| [Treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease]. | 2000 Oct |
|
| Expression of metallothionein-III mRNA and its regulation by levodopa in the basal ganglia of hemi-parkinsonian rats. | 2000 Oct 20 |
|
| The 4F2hc/LAT1 complex transports L-DOPA across the blood-brain barrier. | 2000 Oct 6 |
|
| Workshop IV: drug treatment guidelines for the long-term management of Parkinson's disease. | 2000 Sep |
|
| Beneficial effects of amantadine on L-dopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease. | 2000 Sep |
|
| Pathologic gambling in Parkinson's disease: a behavioral manifestation of pharmacologic treatment? | 2000 Sep |
|
| Adverse drug reactions to selegiline: a review of the French pharmacovigilance database. | 2000 Sep-Oct |
|
| Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship of levodopa with and without tolcapone in patients with Parkinson's disease. | 2001 |
|
| Melanogenesis by tyrosinase action on 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) in the presence of polyethylene glycol: a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric investigation. | 2001 |
|
| Inhibition of potato polyphenol oxidase by anions and activity in various carboxylate buffers (pH 4.8) at constant ionic strength. | 2001 |
|
| A study of excessive daytime sleepiness and its clinical significance in three groups of Parkinson's disease patients taking pramipexole, cabergoline and levodopa mono and combination therapy. | 2001 |
|
| Efficacy and tolerability of entacapone as adjunctive therapy to levodopa in patients with Parkinson's disease and end-of-dose deterioration in daily medical practice: an open, multicenter study. | 2001 |
|
| High dose naltrexone for dyskinesias induced by levodopa. | 2001 Apr |
|
| Localization of a novel locus for autosomal recessive early-onset parkinsonism, PARK6, on human chromosome 1p35-p36. | 2001 Apr |
|
| Selective dopaminergic vulnerability: 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde targets mitochondria. | 2001 Apr 15 |
|
| Dimeric L-dopa derivatives as potential prodrugs. | 2001 Apr 23 |
|
| SCH 58261, an A(2A) adenosine receptor antagonist, counteracts parkinsonian-like muscle rigidity in rats. | 2001 Aug |
|
| Dopamine D(2) receptors regulate tyrosine hydroxylase activity and phosphorylation at Ser40 in rat striatum. | 2001 Feb |
|
| Induction by dopamine D1 receptor agonist ABT-431 of dyskinesia similar to levodopa in patients with Parkinson disease. | 2001 Feb |
|
| Molecular mechanisms controlling the rate and specificity of catechol O-methylation by human soluble catechol O-methyltransferase. | 2001 Feb |
|
| Accelerometric assessment of levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease. | 2001 Jan |
|
| SPECT imaging of the dopamine transporter in juvenile-onset dystonia. | 2001 Jan 23 |
|
| Enhanced abilities of highly swollen chitosan beads for color removal and tyrosinase immobilization. | 2001 Jan 29 |
|
| Biogenic aldehyde(s) derived from the action of monoamine oxidase may mediate the antidipsotropic effect of daidzin. | 2001 Jan 30 |
|
| Role of peroxynitrite in macrophage microbicidal mechanisms in vivo revealed by protein nitration and hydroxylation. | 2001 Jun 1 |
|
| Resveratrol and a novel tyrosinase in Carignan grape juice. | 2001 Mar |
|
| Does stimulation of the GPi control dyskinesia by activating inhibitory axons? | 2001 Mar |
|
| Effects of N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP4) on alpha2-adrenoceptors which regulate the synthesis and release of noradrenaline in the rat brain. | 2001 Mar |
|
| Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging in Parkinson's disease before and after levodopa. | 2001 Mar |
|
| Comparative analysis of the gait disorder of normal pressure hydrocephalus and Parkinson's disease. | 2001 Mar |
|
| The effect of levodopa on vocal function in Parkinson's disease. | 2001 Mar-Apr |
|
| Levodopa-induced drowsiness in healthy volunteers: results of a choice reaction time test combined with a subjective evaluation of sedation. | 2001 Mar-Apr |
|
| Parkinsonism after glycine-derivate exposure. | 2001 May |
|
| Speech dysfluency exacerbated by levodopa in Parkinson's disease. | 2001 May |
|
| Intravenous amantadine improves levadopa-induced dyskinesias: an acute double-blind placebo-controlled study. | 2001 May |
|
| Chromium(VI) reduction by catechol(amine)s results in DNA cleavage in vitro: relevance to chromium genotoxicity. | 2001 May |
|
| Coadministration of (-)-OSU6162 with l-DOPA normalizes preproenkephalin mRNA expression in the sensorimotor striatum of primates with unilateral 6-OHDA lesions. | 2001 May |
|
| Biperiden enhances L-DOPA methyl ester and dopamine D(l) receptor agonist SKF-82958 but antagonizes D(2)/D(3) receptor agonist rotigotine antihemiparkinsonian actions. | 2008 Dec 3 |
Patents
Sample Use Guides
Maximum dosage in a 24-hour period is eight tablets (Stalevo 50, containing 12.5 mg of carbidopa, 50 mg of levodopa and 200 mg of entacapone; Stalevo 75, containing 18.75 mg of carbidopa, 75 mg of levodopa and 200 mg of entacapone; Stalevo 100, containing 25 mg of carbidopa, 100 mg of levodopa and 200 mg of entacapone; Stalevo 125, containing 31.25 mg of carbidopa, 125 mg of levodopa and 200 mg of entacapone; Stalevo 150, containing 37.5 mg of carbidopa, 150 mg of levodopa and 200 mg of entacapone; Stalevo 200, containing 50 mg of carbidopa, 200 mg of levodopa and 200 mg of entacapone). The optimum daily dosage must be determined by careful titration in each patient.
Route of Administration:
Oral
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ACTIVE MOIETY
PARENT (SALT/SOLVATE)
SUBSTANCE RECORD
