U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Divider Arrow National Institutes of Health Divider Arrow NCATS

Details

Stereochemistry RACEMIC
Molecular Formula C9H13N
Molecular Weight 135.2062
Optical Activity ( + / - )
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 1
E/Z Centers 0
Charge 0

SHOW SMILES / InChI
Structure of AMPHETAMINE

SMILES

CC(N)CC1=CC=CC=C1

InChI

InChIKey=KWTSXDURSIMDCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/C9H13N/c1-8(10)7-9-5-3-2-4-6-9/h2-6,8H,7,10H2,1H3

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Description
Curator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including https://www.caremark.com/portal/asset/FEP_Rationale_Amphetamine.pdf https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23539642 http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/amphetamines.asp

Amphetamine is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity. Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiomers: levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. The mode of therapeutic action in ADHD is not known. Amphetamines are thought to block the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine into the presynaptic neuron and increase the release of these monoamines into the extraneuronal space. At higher dosages, they cause release of dopamine from the mesocorticolimbic system and the nigrostriatal dopamine systems. Amphetamine may also act as a direct agonist on central 5-HT receptors and may inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO). In the periphery, amphetamines are believed to cause the release of noradrenaline by acting on the adrenergic nerve terminals and alpha- and beta-receptors. Modulation of serotonergic pathways may contribute to the calming affect. The drug interacts with VMAT enzymes to enhance release of DA and 5-HT from vesicles. It may also directly cause the reversal of DAT and SERT. Several currently prescribed amphetamine formulations contain both enantiomers, including Adderall, Dyanavel XR, and Evekeo, the last of which is racemic amphetamine sulfate. Amphetamine is also prescribed in enantiopure and prodrug form as dextroamphetamine and lisdexamfetamine respectively. Lisdexamfetamine is structurally different from amphetamine, and is inactive until it metabolizes into dextroamphetamine.

CNS Activity

Curator's Comment: Amphetamines readily cross the blood-brain barrier to reach their primary sites of action in the brain. The acute administration of amphetamine produces a wide range of dose-dependent behavioral changes, including increased arousal or wakefulness, anorexia, hyperactivity, perseverative movements, and, in particular, a state of pleasurable affect, elation, and euphoria, which can lead to the abuse of the drug.

Originator

Curator's Comment: Although a Japanese scientist called Mr. A Ogata, was the first to synthesize methamphetamine in 1919, it wasn’t until 1930 that it was realized that amphetamines raised the blood pressure. https://blackpoppymag.wordpress.com/substances/dexedrine-dexamphetamine/

Approval Year

TargetsConditions

Conditions

ConditionModalityTargetsHighest PhaseProduct
Primary
DYANAVEL XR

Approved Use

INDICATIONS Dextroamphetamine Saccharate, Amphetamine Aspartate, Dextroamphetamine Sulfate and Amphetamine Sulfate Tablets is indicated for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Narcolepsy. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) A diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD; DSM-IV®) implies the presence of hyperactive-impulsive or inattentive symptoms that caused impairment and were present before age 7 years. The symptoms must cause clinically significant impairment, e.g., in social, academic, or occupational functioning, and be present in two or more settings, e.g., school (or work) and at home. The symptoms must not be better accounted for by another mental disorder. For the Inattentive Type, at least six of the following symptoms must have persisted for at least 6 months: lack of attention to details/careless mistakes; lack of sustained attention; poor listener; failure to follow through on tasks; poor organization; avoids tasks requiring sustained mental effort; loses things; easily distracted; forgetful. For the Hyperactive-Impulsive Type, at least six of the following symptoms must have persisted for at least 6 months: fidgeting/squirming; leaving seat; inappropriate running/climbing; difficulty with quiet activities; “on the go;” excessive talking; blurting answers; can't wait turn; intrusive. The Combined Type requires both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive criteria to be met. Special Diagnostic Considerations: Specific etiology of this syndrome is unknown, and there is no single diagnostic test. Adequate diagnosis requires the use not only of medical but of special psychological, educational, and social resources. Learning may or may not be impaired. The diagnosis must be based upon a complete history and evaluation of the child and not solely on the presence of the required number of DSM-IV® characteristics. Need for Comprehensive Treatment Program: Dextroamphetamine Saccharate, Amphetamine Aspartate, Dextroamphetamine Sulfate and Amphetamine Sulfate Tablets is indicated as an integral part of a total treatment program for ADHD that may include other measures (psychological, educational, social) for patients with this syndrome. Drug treatment may not be indicated for all children with this syndrome. Stimulants are not intended for use in the child who exhibits symptoms secondary to environmental factors and/or other primary psychiatric disorders, including psychosis. Appropriate educational placement is essential and psychosocial intervention is often helpful. When remedial measures alone are insufficient, the decision to prescribe stimulant medication will depend upon the physician's assessment of the chronicity and severity of the child's symptoms. Long-Term Use: The effectiveness of Dextroamphetamine Saccharate, Amphetamine Aspartate, Dextroamphetamine Sulfate and Amphetamine Sulfate Tablets for long-term use has not been systematically evaluated in controlled trials. Therefore, the physician who elects to use Dextroamphetamine Saccharate, Amphetamine Aspartate, Dextroamphetamine Sulfate and Amphetamine Sulfate Tablets for extended periods should periodically re-evaluate the long-term usefulness of the drug for the individual patient.

Launch Date

2015
Cmax

Cmax

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
120 ng/mL
40.3 mg single, oral
dose: 40.3 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
AMPHETAMINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: FASTED
AUC

AUC

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
1727 ng × h/mL
40.3 mg single, oral
dose: 40.3 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
AMPHETAMINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: FASTED
T1/2

T1/2

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
7.9 h
40.3 mg single, oral
dose: 40.3 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
AMPHETAMINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: FASTED
Overview

Overview

CYP3A4CYP2C9CYP2D6hERG

OverviewOther

Other InhibitorOther SubstrateOther Inducer







Drug as perpetrator​Drug as victim

Drug as victim

Sourcing

Sourcing

Vendor/AggregatorIDURL
PubMed

PubMed

TitleDatePubMed
Atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia associated with stimulant treatment.
1999
Cocaine-seeking produced by experimenter-administered drug injections: dose-effect relationships in rats.
1999 Dec
RU-24969 disrupts d-amphetamine self-administration and responding for conditioned reward via stimulation of 5-HT1B receptors.
1999 Mar
Acute pulmonary edema following amphetamine ingestion.
1999 Mar
[Fatal intracerebral hemorrhage after amphetamine intake].
2000 Jul 31
An evaluation of l-ephedrine neurotoxicity with respect to hyperthermia and caudate/putamen microdialysate levels of ephedrine, dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate.
2000 May
Stimulant psychosis: symptom profile and acute clinical course.
2000 Winter
Behavioral sensitization in humans.
2001
Evaluation of the alpha2C-adrenoceptor as a neuropsychiatric drug target studies in transgenic mouse models.
2001 Apr 6
SB-243213; a selective 5-HT2C receptor inverse agonist with improved anxiolytic profile: lack of tolerance and withdrawal anxiety.
2001 Aug
Effects of drugs of abuse on response accuracy and bias under a delayed matching-to-sample procedure in squirrel monkeys.
2001 Jul
Mutant mice lacking the cholecystokinin2 receptor show a dopamine-dependent hyperactivity and a behavioral sensitization to morphine.
2001 Jun 22
Amphetamine selectively blocks inhibitory glutamate transmission in dopamine neurons.
2001 Mar
Lobeline inhibits the neurochemical and behavioral effects of amphetamine.
2001 Mar
Short-term cardiovascular effects of methylphenidate and adderall.
2001 May
Pharmacotherapies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: expected-cost analysis.
2001 Nov
Amphetamine salt compound treatment for adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
2002 Apr
Assessment of silver and gold substrates for the detection of amphetamine sulfate by surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS).
2002 Feb
24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in male children receiving stimulant therapy.
2002 Jul-Aug
The effect of nitrostyrene on cell proliferation and macrophage immune responses.
2002 May
The neurosteroid 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one affects dopamine-mediated behavior in rodents.
2002 May
Spatial and temporal profile of haloperidol-induced immediate-early gene expression and phosphoCREB binding in the dorsal and ventral striatum of amphetamine-sensitized rats.
2002 Sep 15
Case series: Adderall augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in childhood-onset obsessive compulsive disorder.
2002 Summer
Patents

Sample Use Guides

DYANAVEL XR (R (amphetamine) extended-release oral suspension) should be orally administered once daily in the morning with or without food. The dose should be individualized according to the needs and responses of the patient. Before administering the dose, shake the bottle of DYANAVEL XR. In children 6 years of age and older, start with 2.5 mg or 5 mg once daily in the morning. The dose may be increase
Route of Administration: Oral
In Vitro Use Guide
Curator's Comment: Amph increases the effects induced by βPEA on the LGC-55, indicating that Amph potentiates the effects generated by the biogenic amine βPEA
β-Phenylethylamine (βPEA) activates the amine-gated chloride channel LGC-55 more efficiently than amphetamine (Amph) (Km = 9 and 152 μm, respectively)
Name Type Language
AMPHETAMINE
HSDB   MI   VANDF  
Systematic Name English
SELEGILINE HYDROCHLORIDE IMPURITY B [EP IMPURITY]
Common Name English
NSC-27159
Code English
ADZENYS XR-ODT
Brand Name English
amfetamine [INN]
Common Name English
(±)-.ALPHA.-METHYLPHENETHYLAMINE
Systematic Name English
NOREPHEDRANE
Common Name English
AMFETAMIN
Brand Name English
AMFETAMINE [MART.]
Common Name English
1-PHENYL-2-AMINOPROPANE
Systematic Name English
.BETA.-AMINOPROPYLBENZENE
Systematic Name English
BENZENEETHANAMINE, .ALPHA.-METHYL-, (±)-
Systematic Name English
DYANAVEL
Brand Name English
AMPHETAMINE [VANDF]
Common Name English
AMFETAMINE
INN   MART.   WHO-DD  
INN  
Official Name English
Amfetamine [WHO-DD]
Common Name English
AMPHETAMINE, DL-
Common Name English
AMPHETAMINE [ORANGE BOOK]
Common Name English
MYDAYIS (MIXED SALTS OF A SINGLE ENTITY)
Brand Name English
ADZENYS ER
Brand Name English
AMPHETAMINE [HSDB]
Common Name English
AMPHETAMINE [MI]
Common Name English
(±)-DESOXYNOREPHEDRINE
Common Name English
Classification Tree Code System Code
CFR 21 CFR 250.101
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LIVERTOX 50
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NDF-RT N0000175729
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WHO-VATC QN06BA01
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NCI_THESAURUS C47795
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DEA NO. 1100
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WHO-ATC N06BA01
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CFR 21 CFR 862.3100
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FDA ORPHAN DRUG 405313
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DEA NO. 7401
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NDF-RT N0000175739
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CFR 21 CFR 310.502
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Code System Code Type Description
NCI_THESAURUS
C62006
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PRIMARY
NSC
27159
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PRIMARY
DRUG CENTRAL
195
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PRIMARY
CAS
300-62-9
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PRIMARY
EPA CompTox
DTXSID4022600
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PRIMARY
MESH
D000661
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PRIMARY
CHEBI
2679
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PRIMARY
HSDB
3287
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PRIMARY
WIKIPEDIA
AMPHETAMINE
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PRIMARY
MERCK INDEX
m1849
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PRIMARY Merck Index
DRUG BANK
DB00182
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PRIMARY
IUPHAR
4804
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PRIMARY
PUBCHEM
3007
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PRIMARY
LACTMED
Amphetamine
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PRIMARY
INN
377
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PRIMARY
DAILYMED
CK833KGX7E
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PRIMARY
EVMPD
SUB05418MIG
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PRIMARY
ECHA (EC/EINECS)
206-096-2
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PRIMARY
FDA UNII
CK833KGX7E
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PRIMARY
INCB IDS CODE
PA 003
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PRIMARY
SMS_ID
100000087217
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PRIMARY
ChEMBL
CHEMBL405
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PRIMARY
RXCUI
725
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PRIMARY RxNorm