Details
| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Molecular Formula | C10H11ClO3 |
| Molecular Weight | 214.646 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
CC(C)(OC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1)C(O)=O
InChI
InChIKey=TXCGAZHTZHNUAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/C10H11ClO3/c1-10(2,9(12)13)14-8-5-3-7(11)4-6-8/h3-6H,1-2H3,(H,12,13)
Clofibrate is a fibric acid derivative used to lower cholesterol and triglyceride (fat-like substances) levels in the blood. This may help prevent medical problems caused by such substances clogging the blood vessels. However, this treatment was discontinued in 2002 due to adverse effects. Clofibrate is an agonist of the PPAR-α receptor in muscle, liver, and other tissues. This agonism ultimately leads to modification in gene expression resulting in increased beta-oxidation, decreased triglyceride secretion, increased HDL, and increased lipoprotein lipase activity. Clofibrate increased the activity of extrahepatic lipoprotein lipase (LL), thereby increasing lipoprotein triglyceride lipolysis, inhibited the synthesis, and increases the clearance of apolipoprotein B, a carrier molecule for VLDL. In addition, clofibrate was investigated as a novel therapy agent in multiple myeloma and it shown the promising results.
Approval Year
Targets
| Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
|---|---|---|---|
Target ID: CHEMBL239 |
50.0 µM [EC50] | ||
Target ID: Q7RTX0 Gene ID: 83756.0 Gene Symbol: TAS1R3 Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human) |
28.0 µM [IC50] | ||
Target ID: CHEMBL239 |
Conditions
| Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | ATROMID-S Approved UseUnknown Launch Date1967 |
|||
| Primary | Unknown Approved UseUnknown |
Cmax
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
216 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7550835/ |
100 mg/kg single, oral dose: 100 mg/kg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
CLOFIBRIC ACID plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: NEWBORN sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
AUC
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
30649 μg × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7550835/ |
100 mg/kg single, oral dose: 100 mg/kg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
CLOFIBRIC ACID plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: NEWBORN sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
T1/2
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
103.1 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7550835/ |
100 mg/kg single, oral dose: 100 mg/kg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
CLOFIBRIC ACID plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: NEWBORN sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
PubMed
| Title | Date | PubMed |
|---|---|---|
| Glucagon secretion in primary endogenous hypertriglyceridemia before and after clofibrate treatment. | 1975 Aug |
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| Effects of clofibrate in primary biliary cirrhosis hypercholesterolemia and gallstones. | 1975 Oct |
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| Acyl-CoA thioesterases belong to a novel gene family of peroxisome proliferator-regulated enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. | 2000 |
|
| [A 50-year history of new drugs in Japan: the developments and trends of antihyperlipidemic drugs]. | 2001 |
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| [Fibrate influence on lipids and insulin resistance in patients with metabolic syndrome]. | 2001 |
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| Use of isotopes and LC-MS-ESI-TOF for mechanistic studies of tienilic acid metabolic activation. | 2001 |
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| Tg.AC genetically altered mouse: assay working group overview of available data. | 2001 |
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| The syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cell transformation assay: review of the methods and results. | 2001 |
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| How well tolerated are lipid-lowering drugs? | 2001 |
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| [Necrotizing myopathies]. | 2001 |
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| Use of real-time gene-specific polymerase chain reaction to measure RNA expression of three family members of rat cytochrome P450 4A. | 2001 |
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| Effect of bezafibrate and clofibrate on the heme-iron geometry of ferrous nitrosylated heme-human serum albumin: an EPR study. | 2001 Apr |
|
| WY-14,643 and other agonists of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor reveal a new mode of action for salicylic acid in soybean disease resistance. | 2001 Apr |
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| Cytochrome P450 1A1 and 4A activities in isolated rat spleen lymphocytes. | 2001 Apr |
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| Monitoring expression of genes involved in drug metabolism and toxicology using DNA microarrays. | 2001 Apr 27 |
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| Characterization of clofibrate-induced retrograde Golgi membrane movement to the endoplasmic reticulum: clofibrate distinguishes the Golgi from the trans Golgi network. | 2001 Aug |
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| PPARalpha-dependent induction of liver microsomal esterification of estradiol and testosterone by a prototypical peroxisome proliferator. | 2001 Aug |
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| Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha) agonist, WY-14,643, increased transcription of myosin light chain-2 in cardiomyocytes. | 2001 Dec |
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| The use of fibrates and of statins in preventing atherosclerosis in diabetes. | 2001 Dec |
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| Detection of DNA adducts using a quantitative long PCR technique and the fluorogenic 5' nuclease assay (TaqMan). | 2001 Dec 12 |
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| The transcription of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha gene is regulated by protein kinase C. | 2001 Dec 15 |
|
| Hormonal regulation of multiple promoters of the rat mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene: identification of a complex hormone-response element in the ubiquitous promoter B. | 2001 Jul |
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| Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs): novel therapeutic targets in renal disease. | 2001 Jul |
|
| The biochemistry of hypo- and hyperlipidemic fatty acid derivatives: metabolism and metabolic effects. | 2001 Jul |
|
| Tocopherols are metabolized in HepG2 cells by side chain omega-oxidation and consecutive beta-oxidation. | 2001 Jul 15 |
|
| Expression and characterization of recombinant rat Acyl-CoA synthetases 1, 4, and 5. Selective inhibition by triacsin C and thiazolidinediones. | 2001 Jul 6 |
|
| Localization of mRNAs encoding peroxisomal proteins in cell culture by non-radioactive in situ hybridization. Comparison of rat and human hepatoma cells and their responses to two divergent hypolipidemic drugs. | 2001 Jun |
|
| Accumulation of medium chain acyl-CoAs during beta-oxidation of long chain fatty acid by isolated peroxisomes from rat liver. | 2001 Jun |
|
| Unique gene expression patterns in liver and kidney associated with exposure to chemical toxicants. | 2001 Jun |
|
| Characterization of the promoter region of the human peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 2 gene. | 2001 Jun 1 |
|
| Combined interferon-alfa, 13-cis-retinoic acid, and alpha-tocopherol in locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: novel bioadjuvant phase II trial. | 2001 Jun 15 |
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| [Overviews of fibrate]. | 2001 Mar |
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| The expression of PPAR-associated genes is modulated through postnatal development of PPAR subtypes in the small intestine. | 2001 Mar 30 |
|
| Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors as physiological sensors of fatty acid metabolism: molecular regulation in peroxisomes. | 2001 May |
|
| Modulation of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) by PPAR activators in human preadipocytes. | 2001 May |
|
| Contribution of CYP1A2 in the hepatic metabolism of melatonin: studies with isolated microsomal preparations and liver slices. | 2001 Nov |
|
| A systematic gene expression screen of Caenorhabditis elegans cytochrome P450 genes reveals CYP35 as strongly xenobiotic inducible. | 2001 Nov 15 |
|
| Autoantibodies to lipids in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. | 2001 Oct |
|
| Role of hypolipidemic drug clofibrate in altering iron regulatory proteins IRP1 and IRP2 activities and hepatic iron metabolism in rats fed a low-iron diet. | 2002 Apr 15 |
|
| Do lipid-lowering drugs cause erectile dysfunction? A systematic review. | 2002 Feb |
|
| In vitro induction of bilirubin conjugation in primary rat hepatocyte culture. | 2002 Feb 15 |
|
| Topical peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-alpha activators reduce inflammation in irritant and allergic contact dermatitis models. | 2002 Jan |
|
| Fibrate and statin synergistically increase the transcriptional activities of PPARalpha/RXRalpha and decrease the transactivation of NFkappaB. | 2002 Jan 11 |
|
| Ligands of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR-gamma and PPAR-alpha) reduce myocardial infarct size. | 2002 Jul |
|
| Prediction of compound signature using high density gene expression profiling. | 2002 Jun |
|
| Influence of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonists on the intracellular turnover and secretion of apolipoprotein (Apo) B-100 and ApoB-48. | 2002 Jun 21 |
|
| Effect of clofibrate administration on the esterification and deesterification of steroid hormones by liver and extrahepatic tissues in rats. | 2002 Mar 1 |
|
| Blunted induction of hepatic CYP4A in TNF (p55-/-/p75-/-) double receptor knockout mice following clofibrate treatment. | 2002 May |
|
| Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 expression by 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) in activated human astrocytes, but not in human brain macrophages. | 2002 May 1 |
|
| Exposure simulation for pharmaceuticals in European surface waters with GREAT-ER. | 2002 May 10 |
Sample Use Guides
For oral dosage form (capsules): for high cholesterol: adults—1.5 to 2 grams a day. This is divided into two to four doses. Children—Dose must be determined by doctor.
Route of Administration:
Oral
The antitumor apoptotic effect of clofibrate at doses ranging from 0.1-600 μM was investigated on four human and one murine myeloma cell lines, as well as in two human lymphoma cell lines, using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium-bromide assay. Clofibrate significantly reduced cell viability in all tested myeloma and lymphoma cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, while healthy cells were hardly affected.
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NCI_THESAURUS |
C541
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m3641
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D002995
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C81531
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CLOFIBRIC ACID
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2439
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34648
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clofibric acid
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100000084315
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DTXSID1040661
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CHEMBL683
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882-09-7
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ACTIVE MOIETY
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