Details
| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Molecular Formula | 2C10H10ClO3.Al.HO |
| Molecular Weight | 471.264 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
[OH-].[Al+3].CC(C)(OC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1)C([O-])=O.CC(C)(OC2=CC=C(Cl)C=C2)C([O-])=O
InChI
InChIKey=USWVMPGQVYZHCA-UHFFFAOYSA-K
InChI=1S/2C10H11ClO3.Al.H2O/c2*1-10(2,9(12)13)14-8-5-3-7(11)4-6-8;;/h2*3-6H,1-2H3,(H,12,13);;1H2/q;;+3;/p-3
| Molecular Formula | C10H10ClO3 |
| Molecular Weight | 213.638 |
| Charge | -1 |
| Count |
|
| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Additional Stereochemistry | No |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
| Molecular Formula | Al |
| Molecular Weight | 26.9815386 |
| Charge | 3 |
| Count |
|
| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Additional Stereochemistry | No |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
| Molecular Formula | HO |
| Molecular Weight | 17.0073 |
| Charge | -1 |
| Count |
|
| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Additional Stereochemistry | No |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
Clofibrate is a fibric acid derivative used to lower cholesterol and triglyceride (fat-like substances) levels in the blood. This may help prevent medical problems caused by such substances clogging the blood vessels. However, this treatment was discontinued in 2002 due to adverse effects. Clofibrate is an agonist of the PPAR-α receptor in muscle, liver, and other tissues. This agonism ultimately leads to modification in gene expression resulting in increased beta-oxidation, decreased triglyceride secretion, increased HDL, and increased lipoprotein lipase activity. Clofibrate increased the activity of extrahepatic lipoprotein lipase (LL), thereby increasing lipoprotein triglyceride lipolysis, inhibited the synthesis, and increases the clearance of apolipoprotein B, a carrier molecule for VLDL. In addition, clofibrate was investigated as a novel therapy agent in multiple myeloma and it shown the promising results.
Approval Year
Targets
| Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
|---|---|---|---|
Target ID: CHEMBL239 |
50.0 µM [EC50] | ||
Target ID: Q7RTX0 Gene ID: 83756.0 Gene Symbol: TAS1R3 Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human) |
28.0 µM [IC50] | ||
Target ID: CHEMBL239 |
Conditions
| Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | ATROMID-S Approved UseUnknown Launch Date1967 |
|||
| Primary | Unknown Approved UseUnknown |
Cmax
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
216 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7550835/ |
100 mg/kg single, oral dose: 100 mg/kg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
CLOFIBRIC ACID plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: NEWBORN sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
AUC
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
30649 μg × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7550835/ |
100 mg/kg single, oral dose: 100 mg/kg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
CLOFIBRIC ACID plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: NEWBORN sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
T1/2
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
103.1 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7550835/ |
100 mg/kg single, oral dose: 100 mg/kg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
CLOFIBRIC ACID plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: NEWBORN sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
PubMed
| Title | Date | PubMed |
|---|---|---|
| Glucagon secretion in primary endogenous hypertriglyceridemia before and after clofibrate treatment. | 1975 Aug |
|
| Effects of clofibrate in primary biliary cirrhosis hypercholesterolemia and gallstones. | 1975 Oct |
|
| Inhibition of transforming growth factor beta1-induced hepatoma cell apoptosis by liver tumor promoters: characterization of primary signaling events and effects on CPP32-like caspase activity. | 1999 Feb |
|
| Structure, evolution, and liver-specific expression of sterol 12alpha-hydroxylase P450 (CYP8B). | 1999 Jul |
|
| Activators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha induce the expression of the uncoupling protein-3 gene in skeletal muscle: a potential mechanism for the lipid intake-dependent activation of uncoupling protein-3 gene expression at birth. | 1999 Jun |
|
| Analysis of cytochrome P450 and phase II conjugating enzyme expression in adult male rat hepatocytes. | 1999 Mar |
|
| The relationship between decrease in Cx32 and induction of P450 isozymes in the early phase of clofibrate hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat. | 1999 Sep |
|
| Hypophysectomy and/or peroxisome proliferators strongly influence the levels of phase II xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in rat testis. | 1999 Sep 30 |
|
| Acyl-CoA thioesterases belong to a novel gene family of peroxisome proliferator-regulated enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. | 2000 |
|
| Tg.AC genetically altered mouse: assay working group overview of available data. | 2001 |
|
| The syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cell transformation assay: review of the methods and results. | 2001 |
|
| Neonatal mouse model: review of methods and results. | 2001 |
|
| How well tolerated are lipid-lowering drugs? | 2001 |
|
| Use of real-time gene-specific polymerase chain reaction to measure RNA expression of three family members of rat cytochrome P450 4A. | 2001 |
|
| WY-14,643 and other agonists of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor reveal a new mode of action for salicylic acid in soybean disease resistance. | 2001 Apr |
|
| Monitoring expression of genes involved in drug metabolism and toxicology using DNA microarrays. | 2001 Apr 27 |
|
| Binding constant determination of drugs toward subdomain IIIA of human serum albumin by near-infrared dye-displacement capillary electrophoresis. | 2001 Aug |
|
| Detection of DNA adducts using a quantitative long PCR technique and the fluorogenic 5' nuclease assay (TaqMan). | 2001 Dec 12 |
|
| The transcription of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha gene is regulated by protein kinase C. | 2001 Dec 15 |
|
| Major clofibrate effects on liver and plasma lipids are independent of changes in polyunsaturated fatty acid composition induced by dietary fat. | 2001 Feb |
|
| Molecular cloning and regulation of expression of two novel mouse CYP4F genes: expression in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-deficient mice upon lipopolysaccharide and clofibrate challenges. | 2001 Feb |
|
| Hormonal regulation of multiple promoters of the rat mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene: identification of a complex hormone-response element in the ubiquitous promoter B. | 2001 Jul |
|
| The biochemistry of hypo- and hyperlipidemic fatty acid derivatives: metabolism and metabolic effects. | 2001 Jul |
|
| Tocopherols are metabolized in HepG2 cells by side chain omega-oxidation and consecutive beta-oxidation. | 2001 Jul 15 |
|
| Expression and characterization of recombinant rat Acyl-CoA synthetases 1, 4, and 5. Selective inhibition by triacsin C and thiazolidinediones. | 2001 Jul 6 |
|
| Localization of mRNAs encoding peroxisomal proteins in cell culture by non-radioactive in situ hybridization. Comparison of rat and human hepatoma cells and their responses to two divergent hypolipidemic drugs. | 2001 Jun |
|
| Allosteric modification of oxygen delivery by hemoglobin. | 2001 Mar |
|
| Differential induction of rat hepatic cytochromes P450 3A1, 3A2, 2B1, 2B2, and 2E1 in response to pyridine treatment. | 2001 Mar |
|
| The expression of PPAR-associated genes is modulated through postnatal development of PPAR subtypes in the small intestine. | 2001 Mar 30 |
|
| Modulation of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) by PPAR activators in human preadipocytes. | 2001 May |
|
| Contribution of CYP1A2 in the hepatic metabolism of melatonin: studies with isolated microsomal preparations and liver slices. | 2001 Nov |
|
| A systematic gene expression screen of Caenorhabditis elegans cytochrome P450 genes reveals CYP35 as strongly xenobiotic inducible. | 2001 Nov 15 |
|
| Effects of fatty acids on mitochondrial beta-oxidation enzyme gene expression in renal cell lines. | 2002 Aug |
|
| Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligands as antiatherogenic agents: panacea or another Pandora's box? | 2002 Jan |
|
| CYP1A-mediated metabolism of the Janus kinase-3 inhibitor 4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline: structural basis for inactivation by regioselective O-demethylation. | 2002 Jan |
|
| Fibrate and statin synergistically increase the transcriptional activities of PPARalpha/RXRalpha and decrease the transactivation of NFkappaB. | 2002 Jan 11 |
|
| Ligands of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR-gamma and PPAR-alpha) reduce myocardial infarct size. | 2002 Jul |
|
| PPARgamma ligands suppress proliferation of human urothelial basal cells in vitro. | 2002 Jun |
|
| Prediction of compound signature using high density gene expression profiling. | 2002 Jun |
|
| Gene expression analysis reveals chemical-specific profiles. | 2002 Jun |
|
| Effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists on LPS-induced neuronal death in mixed cortical neurons: associated with iNOS and COX-2. | 2002 Jun 21 |
|
| Blunted induction of hepatic CYP4A in TNF (p55-/-/p75-/-) double receptor knockout mice following clofibrate treatment. | 2002 May |
|
| Activation of the immune system and inflammatory activity in relation to markers of atherothrombotic disease and atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis. | 2002 May |
|
| Lipid-lowering drug use and cardiovascular events after myocardial infarction. | 2002 May |
|
| Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 expression by 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) in activated human astrocytes, but not in human brain macrophages. | 2002 May 1 |
|
| Exposure simulation for pharmaceuticals in European surface waters with GREAT-ER. | 2002 May 10 |
Sample Use Guides
For oral dosage form (capsules): for high cholesterol: adults—1.5 to 2 grams a day. This is divided into two to four doses. Children—Dose must be determined by doctor.
Route of Administration:
Oral
The antitumor apoptotic effect of clofibrate at doses ranging from 0.1-600 μM was investigated on four human and one murine myeloma cell lines, as well as in two human lymphoma cell lines, using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium-bromide assay. Clofibrate significantly reduced cell viability in all tested myeloma and lymphoma cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, while healthy cells were hardly affected.
| Substance Class |
Chemical
Created
by
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Edited
Mon Mar 31 18:24:18 GMT 2025
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on
Mon Mar 31 18:24:18 GMT 2025
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| Record UNII |
56203T2K2X
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| Record Status |
Validated (UNII)
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| Record Version |
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WHO-ATC |
C10AB03
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WHO-VATC |
QC10AB03
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NCI_THESAURUS |
C98150
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100000077673
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2780
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DTXSID70905093
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14613-01-5
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56203T2K2X
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C79820
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DB13780
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10390009
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246-477-0
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24818-79-9
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m3641
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ALUMINIUM CLOFIBRATE
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4437
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SUB12820MIG
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