Samidorphan was developed as a sublingually bioavailable µ-opioid receptor antagonist. This drug participated in clinical trials for the treatment of Schizophrenia, Alcohol Dependence, and Binge Eating Disorder. The oral dose pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of samidorphan were evaluated in phase II double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized studies in healthy adults. In addition, the combination of samidorphan (SAM) with buprenorphine (BUP) was studied in phase III clinical trial in patients with major depressive disorder (MDM). It was shown that the long-term treatment did not reveal any new safety findings and confirmed that the risk of abuse and dependence with BUP/SAM was low.

Glutamine is a non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. Supplemental L-glutamine's possible immunomodulatory role may be accounted for in a number of ways. L-glutamine appears to play a major role in protecting the integrity of the gastrointestinal tract and, in particular, the large intestine. During catabolic states, the integrity of the intestinal mucosa may be compromised with consequent increased intestinal permeability and translocation of Gram-negative bacteria from the large intestine into the body. The demand for L-glutamine by the intestine, as well as by cells such as lymphocytes, appears to be much greater than that supplied by skeletal muscle, the major storage tissue for L-glutamine. L-glutamine is the preferred respiratory fuel for enterocytes, colonocytes and lymphocytes. Therefore, supplying supplemental L-glutamine under these conditions may do a number of things. For one, it may reverse the catabolic state by sparing skeletal muscle L-glutamine. It also may inhibit translocation of Gram-negative bacteria from the large intestine. L-glutamine helps maintain secretory IgA, which functions primarily by preventing the attachment of bacteria to mucosal cells. L-glutamine appears to be required to support the proliferation of mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes, as well as the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). It is also required for the maintenance of lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK). L-glutamine can enhance phagocytosis by neutrophils and monocytes. It can lead to an increased synthesis of glutathione in the intestine, which may also play a role in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal mucosa by ameliorating oxidative stress. The exact mechanism of the possible immunomodulatory action of supplemental L-glutamine, however, remains unclear. It is conceivable that the major effect of L-glutamine occurs at the level of the intestine. Perhaps enteral L-glutamine acts directly on intestine-associated lymphoid tissue and stimulates overall immune function by that mechanism, without passing beyond the splanchnic bed. Glutamine is used for nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance.

Clindamycin phosphate is the prodrug of clindamycin with no antimicrobial activity in vitro but can be rapidly converted in vivo to the parent drug, clindamycin, by phosphatase ester hydrolysis. It is indicated in the treatment of serious infections caused by susceptible anaerobic bacteria: Lower respiratory tract infections including pneumonia, empyema, and lung abscess caused by anaerobes; Skin and skin structure infections; Gynecological infections including endometritis, nongonococcal tubo-ovarian abscess, pelvic cellulitis, and postsurgical vaginal cuff infection caused by susceptible anaerobes; Intra-abdominal infections; Septicemia; Bone and joint infections. Orally and parenterally administered clindamycin has been associated with severe colitis, which may end fatally. Abdominal pain, gastrointestinal disturbances, gram-negative folliculitis, eye pain and contact dermatitis have also been reported in association with the use of topical formulations of clindamycin. Clindamycin has been shown to have neuromuscular blocking properties that may enhance the action of other neuromuscular blocking agents

Sodium lactate is primarily indicated as a source of bicarbonate for prevention or control of mild to moderate metabolic acidosis in patients with restricted oral intake whose oxidative processes are not seriously impaired. Sodium Lactate is most commonly associated with an E number of “E325” Sodium Lactate blends are commonly used in meat and poultry products to extend shelf life and increase food safety. They have a broad antimicrobial action and are effective at inhibiting most spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. In addition sodium lactate is used in cosmetics as a humectant, providing moisture.

Indoximod is an orally available Indoleamine 2,3-dioxigenase inhibitor. It shows higher potency in reversing IDO-mediated T cell suppression. Indoximod improves the efficacy of multiple chemotherapeutics agents and some immunological checkpoints mediators in Phase I/II clinical studies for metastatic breast cancer, metastatic melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, primary malignant brain tumors, metastatic pancreatic cancer, as well as metastatic prostate cancer.

Lysergide (LSD) is a semi-synthetic hallucinogen and is one of the most potent drugs known. Recreational use became popular between the 1960s to 1980s, but is now less common. LSD was first synthesized by Albert Hoffman while working for Sandoz Laboratories in Basel in 1938. Some years later, during a re-evaluation of the compound, he accidentally ingested a small amount and described the first ‘trip’. During the 1950s and 1960s, Sandoz evaluated the drug for therapeutic purposes and marketed it under the name Delysid®. It was used for research into the chemical origins of mental illness. Recreational use started in the 1960s and is associated with the ‘psychedelic period’. LSD possesses a complex pharmacological profile that includes direct activation of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine receptors. In addition, one of its chief sites of action is that of compound-specific (“allosteric”) alterations in secondary messengers associated with 5HT2A and 5HT2C receptor activation and changes in gene expression. The hallucinogenic effects of LSD are likely due to agonism at 5HT2A and 5HT2C receptors. LSD is also an agonist at the majority of known serotonin receptors, including 5HT1A, 5HT1B, 5HT1D, 5HT5A, 5HT6 and 5HT7 receptors. During the 1960s, LSD was investigated for a variety of psychiatric indications, including the following: as an aid in treatment of schizophrenia; as a means of creating a "model psychosis"; as a direct antidepressant; and as an adjunct to psychotherapy. LSD is listed in Schedule I of the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances.

Adonitol, also known as ribitol, is the reduced alcohol form of ribose. This compound was first described in 1892 Merck annual report as a crystalline pentahydric alcohol obtained from Adonis vernalis. It is a component of teichoic acids found in the cell walls of Gram positive bacteria. Adonitol is a substrate of the enzyme, called ribitol dehydrogenase, which can be used for direct production of allitol from d-fructose without any by-product formation and this may have potential use as an industrial enzyme. Adonitol is also a moiety present in riboflavin (vitamin B2).