Poppy acid occurs in opium (Papaver somniferum) and other Papaver species. Meconic acid has been described as a mild narcotic, but it has little or no physiological action, and is not now used medicinally. Its chemical reactions are of importance in toxicology as a valuable indication of the presence of opium.

Poppy acid occurs in opium (Papaver somniferum) and other Papaver species. Meconic acid has been described as a mild narcotic, but it has little or no physiological action, and is not now used medicinally. Its chemical reactions are of importance in toxicology as a valuable indication of the presence of opium.

Sodium fluoroborate (sodium tetrafluoroborate) is an inorganic compound with the formula NaBF4. It is used in the sand casting of aluminum, electrochemical processes, and as fluorinating agent. It is also used as an additive in chrome, nickel and cadmium plating baths. Sodium tetrafluoroborate may be used as a catalyst for the synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes via electrophilic substitution reaction of indoles with aldehydes and ketones. It may also be used as a source of tetrafluoroborate anoins during the synthesis of ionic liquids like 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate[4] and trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium tetrafluoroborate.

N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc) is a bacterial cell wall component. Peptidoglycan, also called murein, is a polymer that consists of long glycan chains that are cross-linked via flexible peptide bridges to form a strong but elastic structure that protects the underlying protoplast from lysing due to the high internal osmotic pressure. The peptidoglycan is the only cell wall polymer common to both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The glycan chain is built up of alternating, β-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc) subunits. The chemistry of the glycan chains varies only slightly between different bacteria.

p-Toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) is an organic compound with the formula CH3C6H4SO3H. An aromatic sulfonic acid, often used as a strong acid catalyst. p-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate has been used as a reducing agent for the reductive amination of ketones and aldehydes. In the presence of p-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate novel deazaflavin-cholestane hybrid compounds have been synthesized in a condensation reaction. 2-Phenylethyl alpha-glucoside has also been synthesized in the presence of p-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate. p-toluenesulfonic acid esters, are a common class of reagents used in the pharmaceutical industry as alkylating agents, catalysts, and in purification steps of the chemical synthesis of a drug substance.