Orotic acid is a minor dietary constituent. Historically it was believed to be part of the vitamin B complex and was called vitamin B13, but it is now known that it is not a vitamin and is synthesized in the body, where it arises as an intermediate in the pathway for the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides. Orotic acid is converted to UMP by UMP synthase, a multifunctional protein with both orotate phosphoribosyl transferase and orotidylate decarboxylase activity. The most frequently observed inborn error of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis is a mutation of the multifunctional protein UMP synthase. As a result, plasma orotic acid accumulates to high concentrations, and increased quantities appear in the urine. Orotic acid levels are elevated in the urea cycle defects ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency, citrullinemia and argininosuccinic acidemia, as well as the mitochondrial transport disorder hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria (HHH) syndrome. Orotic acid is also elevated in hereditary orotic aciduria, or uridine monophosphate synthase deficiency, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by megaloblastic anemia and crystalluria. In addition, orotic acid in combination with leflunomide is in the phase II of clinical trial to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of a combination in kidney transplant patients with high levels of Polyoma BK viruria for the purpose of preventing polyoma BK viremia and nephropathy, that could lead to kidney transplant loss from viral damage, acute rejection or both.

Carbazochrome Sulfonic Acid is an antihemorrhagic, or hemostatic, agent that will cease blood flow by causing the aggregation and adhesion of platelets in the blood to form a platelet plug, ceasing blood flow from an open wound. It is hoped that this drug can be used in the future for preventing excessive blood flow during surgical operations and the treatment of hemorrhoids, but research on its effectiveness and the severity of possible side effects remains to be fairly inconclusive. Carbazochrome has been investigated for use in the treatment of hemorrhoids in a mixture with troxerutin. Carbazochrome interacts with α-adrenoreceptors on surface of platelets, which are coupled to Gq protein and initiate PLC IP3/DAG pathway to increase intracellular free calcium concentration with these subsequent actions: Activates PLA2 and induce arachidonic acid pathway to synthese endoperoxides (TxA2, thromboxane A2); Calcium binds to calmodulin which then binds and activates myosin light-chain kinase, that will enable the myosin crossbridge to bind to the actin filament and allow contraction to begin. This will change platelet’s shape and induce release of serotonin, ADP, vWF (Von Willebrand factor), PAF (Platelet-activating factor) to promote further aggregation and adhesion. Carbazochrome is usually used to treat bleeding tendency (for example purpura, etc.) caused by attenuation of microvascular resistance, bleeding from skin or mucosa and inner membrane, fundal/renal/uterine bleeding and intraoperative or postoperative abnormal bleeding.

Palmitoleic acid, commonly known as omega-7, is a rare monounsatured fatty acid, which was generally reported to benefit the skin in promoting epithelialisation, and certain gynaecological problems (vaginal mycoses). Until now, sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), a shrub widely found in Europe and Asia, and macadamia nuts have been the principal sources. Palmitoleic acid (PMA) has anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activities. Palmitoleic acid is a gap junction uncoupler.

THIOCTIC ACID, also known as alpha-lipoic acid, is a vitamin-like antioxidant that acts as a free-radical scavenger. It exists in two enantiomeric forms, R and S, being the R isoform an essential cofactor of four mitochondrial enzyme complexes. THIOCTIC ACID is available as an over-the-counter nutritional supplement and has been used nutritionally and clinically since the 1950s for various diseases and conditions.

THIOCTIC ACID, also known as alpha-lipoic acid, is a vitamin-like antioxidant that acts as a free-radical scavenger. It exists in two enantiomeric forms, R and S, being the R isoform an essential cofactor of four mitochondrial enzyme complexes. THIOCTIC ACID is available as an over-the-counter nutritional supplement and has been used nutritionally and clinically since the 1950s for various diseases and conditions.

THIOCTIC ACID, also known as alpha-lipoic acid, is a vitamin-like antioxidant that acts as a free-radical scavenger. It exists in two enantiomeric forms, R and S, being the R isoform an essential cofactor of four mitochondrial enzyme complexes. THIOCTIC ACID is available as an over-the-counter nutritional supplement and has been used nutritionally and clinically since the 1950s for various diseases and conditions.