(R)-3'-hydroxybutyl (R)-3'-hydroxybutyrate or D-β-hydroxybutyrate ester is a is an effective and palatable precursor to the ketone body. Ketone bodies are the most energy-efficient fuel and yield more ATP per mole of substrate than pyruvate and increase the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis. Ketone diet containing (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate, improved physical performance and cognitive function in rats, and its energy-sparing properties suggest that it may help to treat a range of human conditions with metabolic abnormalities. It may be used to treat a condition which is caused by, exacerbated by or associated with elevated plasma levels of free fatty acids in a human or animal subject, for instance a condition where weight loss or weight gain is implicated, or to promote alertness or improve cognitive function, or to treat, prevent or reduce the effects of, neurodegeneration, free radical toxicity, hypoxic conditions or hyperglycaemia. It has been approved by the FDA as “Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS)”.

(R)-Mandelic acid (D-Mandelic acid) is an enantiomer of the aromatic alpha hydroxy acid that is used as a chiral resolving agent, and as a building block to synthesize pharmaceutical drugs such as penicillin and cephalosporin. (R)-(-)-Mandelic acid, is used as an antiseptic ingredient particularly against urinary tract infections.

Acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA), a pentacyclic triterpene, is a component of gum resin of Boswellia serrata. It inhibits 5-lipoxygenase in a selective, enzyme directed, non-redox, and noncompetitive manner. In addition, AKBA inhibited topoisomerase I. It induces apoptosis and exerts antineoplastic properties. 5-LOXIN, a dietary supplement ingredient (Boswellia serrata extract enriched with 30% 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid) is effective in reducing pain and improving physical functioning in osteoarthritis patients.

Thioctic acid amide is a coenzyme, which transfer acetyl and hydrogen in pyruvate deacylation oxidation process, used for pharmaceuticals. Thioctic acid amide has been described as antioxidant, preventing oxidant-mediated apoptosis. It may be used in treatment of insulin resistance by stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis. When used in combination with Alprostadil, it has shown to have a good therapeutic effect on early diabetic nephropathy. Thioctic acid amide is an ingredient of Lipochol, used for prevention of liver diseases, hepatoprotection from drugs, autointoxication.

Patent Blue V (E-131) is a synthetic dye used as a food coloring. In Europe, it is used in beverages, preserves of red fruits, desserts, confectionary. In medicine, Patent Blue V is used as a contrast agent for visualizing lymphatic vessels. Patent Blue V is also used in dentistry in a disclosing tablet to demonstrate the presence of plaque on teeth.

Aurotioprol acid is a gold salt. It was used as an antirheumatic agent and marketed by Solvay under tradename Allochrysine. Aurotioprol was administered by intramuscular injections.

Entacapone is a selective and reversible inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), that in combination with carbidopa and levodopa used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Physiological substrates of COMT include DOPA, catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine) and their hydroxylated metabolites. The function of COMT is the elimination of biologically active catechols and some other hydroxylated metabolites. When decarboxylation of levodopa is prevented by carbidopa, COMT becomes the major metabolizing enzyme for levodopa, catalyzing its metabolism to 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-L-phenylalanine (3-OMD). When entacapone is given in conjunction with levodopa and carbidopa, plasma levels of levodopa are greater and more sustained than after administration of levodopa and carbidopa alone. It is believed that at a given frequency of levodopa administration, these more sustained plasma levels of levodopa result in more constant dopaminergic stimulation in the brain, leading to greater effects on the signs and symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. The higher levodopa levels may also lead to increased levodopa adverse effects, sometimes requiring a decrease in the dose of levodopa. When 200 mg entacapone is coadministered with levodopa/carbidopa, it increases levodopa plasma exposure (AUC) by 35-40% and prolongs its elimination half-life in Parkinson’s disease patients from 1.3 to 2.4 hours. Plasma levels of the major COMT-mediated dopamine metabolite, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-L-phenylalanine (3-OMD), are also markedly decreased proportionally with increasing dose of entacapone. In animals, while entacapone enters the CNS to a minimal extent, it has been shown to inhibit central COMT activity. In humans, entacapone inhibits the COMT enzyme in peripheral tissues. The effects of entacapone on central COMT activity in humans have not been studied.

Decanohydroxamic acid had almost no antibacterial activity. At 100 γ/ml, the acid showed growth inhibition on all the fungi tested except Monosporium apiospermum 213. The acid was found to have atropine-like, papaverine-like, anti-acetylcholine, and antihistamine actions, and a slight effect on blood (number of erythrocytes, leucocytes, and hemoglobin), but no marked effect was found on other factors. The action of this acid on the circulating system is mainly vasodilation and depression of the total carotid pressure, and no marked changes were produced in heart movement and cardiogram. A very slight irritation was observed as its local action, especially in an emulsified ointment on the skin, but not when the acid was used as a lipophilic ointment. Acute toxicity of the acid was very weak, the 2.5% Tween suspension giving the values of over 1430 mg/kg in mice by subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injection, over 7200 mg/kg in mice by oral administration.