Glyceryl 1-phosphate,(R)- or glycerol-3-phosphate is a precursor for fatty acid esterification into triglycerides. Esterification of fatty acids to triglycerides in peripheral tissues such as skeletal muscle and adipose tissue is dependent on the synthesis of glycerol-3-phosphate from glucose. Triacylglycerols (TAG) serve as the predominant form of energy storage in mammalian cells, and TAG synthesis influences conditions such as obesity, fatty liver, and insulin resistance. Human skeletal muscle glycerol-3-phosphate, lactate was decreased after the high-fat diets.

D-Glutamic acid is an essential constituent of the bacterial peptidoglycan structure. D-glutamate has been detected in blood, saliva, and urine, and trace quantities have been detected in mammalian tissues. Recently was found, that mitochondrial D-glutamate cyclase converts D-glutamate to 5-oxo-D-proline.