Cinnamyl alcohol (CAL, 3-phenyl-2-propen-1-ol) is found mostly in esterized form as a natural component in cinnamon oil obtained from the bark of the Cylonese cinnamon tree. Furthermore, (esterized) CAL is a component of the balsam of Peru from Myroxylon pereirae, of Styrax (balsam) from the wood of Liquidambar orientalis Miller or Liquidambar styraciflua L. and further plant extracts. The regulatory status of CAL includes approval (21 CFR 172.515) by the FDA and Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) as flavor ingredient [Number 2294] by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers
Association. CAL included in the Council of Europe
s list of substances which may be used in foodstuffs. CAL have been reported as common component of food occurring mainly in a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, and spices in varying concentrations. The plant phenolic CAL is used as a fragrance ingredient and has antipyretic and antiproliferative effects. A recent report also demonstrated its vasodilatory activity.

Nicotinyl alcohol is a direct-acting vasolidator, that may decrease the blood pressure and it is a cholesterol-lowering agent. Nicotinyl alcohol as a tartrate salt led to the efficiency improvements in patients with intermittent claudication. In addition, nicotinyl alcohol alone or associated with other drugs was studied in the treatment of radicular syndromes; and was shown, that the effect had not been due to mechanical compression.

Nicotinyl alcohol is a direct-acting vasolidator, that may decrease the blood pressure and it is a cholesterol-lowering agent. Nicotinyl alcohol as a tartrate salt led to the efficiency improvements in patients with intermittent claudication. In addition, nicotinyl alcohol alone or associated with other drugs was studied in the treatment of radicular syndromes; and was shown, that the effect had not been due to mechanical compression.

Nicotinyl alcohol is a direct-acting vasolidator, that may decrease the blood pressure and it is a cholesterol-lowering agent. Nicotinyl alcohol as a tartrate salt led to the efficiency improvements in patients with intermittent claudication. In addition, nicotinyl alcohol alone or associated with other drugs was studied in the treatment of radicular syndromes; and was shown, that the effect had not been due to mechanical compression.

beta-Caryophyllene alcohol is a fragrance ingredient used in decorative cosmetics, fine fragrances, shampoos, toilet soaps and other toiletries as well as in non-cosmetic products such as household cleaners and detergents. Its use worldwide is in the region of <0.1 metric tonnes per annum. In vivo studies found that b-Caryophyllene alcohol significantly inhibited asthma induced by histamine and acetylcholine in guinea pigs with the efficacy lasting for at least 6 hours and with the potency equivalent to aminophylline. Inhibition of airway inflammation and scavenging of free radical and reactive oxygen species was one of the mechanisms of anti-asthmatic action

Benzalkonium chloride, also known as BZK, BKC, BAC, alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride and ADBAC, is a type of cationic surfactant. It is an organic salt called a quaternary ammonium compound. In 2011, a large clinical trial designed to evaluate the efficacy of hand sanitizers based on different active ingredients in preventing virus transmission amongst schoolchildren was re-designed to exclude sanitizers based on benzalkonium chloride due to safety concerns. Benzalkonium chloride has been in common use as a pharmaceutical preservative and antimicrobial since the 1940s. While early studies confirmed the corrosive and irritant properties of benzalkonium chloride, investigations into the adverse effects of, and disease states linked to, benzalkonium chloride have only surfaced during the past 30 years. Benzalkonium chloride is classed as a Category III antiseptic active ingredient by the United States Food and Drug Administration. Ingredients are categorised as Category III when "available data are insufficient to classify as safe and effective, and further testing is required”. Benzalkonium chloride is excluded from the current United States Food and Drug Administration review of the safety and effectiveness of consumer antiseptics and topical antimicrobial over-the-counter drug products, meaning it will remain a Category III ingredient. The mechanism of bactericidal/microbicidal action is thought to be due to disruption of intermolecular interactions. This can cause dissociation of cellular membrane lipid bilayers, which compromises cellular permeability controls and induces leakage of cellular contents. Other biomolecular complexes within the bacterial cell can also undergo dissociation. Enzymes, which finely control a wide range of respiratory and metabolic cellular activities, are particularly susceptible to deactivation. Critical intermolecular interactions and tertiary structures in such highly specific biochemical systems can be readily disrupted by cationic surfactants. Benzalkonium chloride is a human skin and severe eye irritant. It is a suspected respiratory toxicant, immunotoxicant, gastrointestinal toxicant and neurotoxicant.