Propiverine is a well established antimuscarinic agent. It’s indicated in adults for the symptomatic treatment of urinary incontinence and/or increased urinary frequency and urgency in patients with overactive bladder syndrome or neurogenic detrusor overactivity (detrusor hyperreflexia) from spinal cord injuries, e.g. transverse legion paraplegia. As well as blocking muscarinic receptors in the detrusor muscle, the drug also inhibits cellular calcium influx, thereby diminishing muscle spasm. Overdose with the muscarinic receptor antagonist propiverine hydrochloride can potentially result in central anticholinergic effects, e.g. restlessness, dizziness, vertigo, disorders in speech and vision and muscular weakness. Moreover, severe dryness of mucosa, tachycardia and urinary retention may occur.

Pentosan polysulfate sodium (brand name ELMIRON) is a low molecular weight heparin-like compound. It has anticoagulant and fibrinolytic effects and is indicated for the relief of bladder pain or discomfort associated with interstitial cystitis. The mechanism of action of pentosan polysulfate sodium in interstitial cystitis is not known but was discovered, that it t binds Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) as well as other heparin-binding growth factors.