Reserpine is an alkaloid, isolated from the Rauwolfia serpentina plant and developed by Ciba pharma. Reserpine was approved by FDA for the treatment of hypertension and psychotic disorders. The drug exerts its effect by blocking two vesicular monoamine transporters, VMAT1 and VMAT2. The blockade results in vesicles that lose their ability to store neurotransmitter molecules. Neurotransmitters, thus retained in cytosol, are then neutralized by MAO.

Reserpine is an alkaloid, isolated from the Rauwolfia serpentina plant and developed by Ciba pharma. Reserpine was approved by FDA for the treatment of hypertension and psychotic disorders. The drug exerts its effect by blocking two vesicular monoamine transporters, VMAT1 and VMAT2. The blockade results in vesicles that lose their ability to store neurotransmitter molecules. Neurotransmitters, thus retained in cytosol, are then neutralized by MAO.

Reserpine is an alkaloid, isolated from the Rauwolfia serpentina plant and developed by Ciba pharma. Reserpine was approved by FDA for the treatment of hypertension and psychotic disorders. The drug exerts its effect by blocking two vesicular monoamine transporters, VMAT1 and VMAT2. The blockade results in vesicles that lose their ability to store neurotransmitter molecules. Neurotransmitters, thus retained in cytosol, are then neutralized by MAO.

Reserpine is an alkaloid, isolated from the Rauwolfia serpentina plant and developed by Ciba pharma. Reserpine was approved by FDA for the treatment of hypertension and psychotic disorders. The drug exerts its effect by blocking two vesicular monoamine transporters, VMAT1 and VMAT2. The blockade results in vesicles that lose their ability to store neurotransmitter molecules. Neurotransmitters, thus retained in cytosol, are then neutralized by MAO.

Piperidolate hydrochloride is an antimuscarinic, inhibits intestinal cramp induced by acetylcholine (rats and dogs. It’s usually used to kill the cramp-like pain of gastric/duodenal ulcer, gastritis, enteritis, gallstones, cholecystitis and biliary tract dyskinesia and to improve some symptoms in threatened miscarriage/premature delivery. Piperidolate blocked the contraction of ACh, Ba ++ and electrical stimulations on the isolated rat, mouse and guinea-pig ileum and trachea. In guinea-pig teania caeci, piperidolate like papaverine blocked specifically the tonic response, however, piperidolate in high doses completely blocked both spike and tonic responses. These results indicate that spasmolytic action of piperidolate like that of papaverine may depend upon inhibition of the release of store Ca++. Moreover piperidolate, given at high doses, may inhibit the contractile elements in the smooth muscle. In the rat uterus pretreated with sex hormones, piperidolate nonspecifically blocked the contraction of ACh, Ba ++ and oxytocin and sex hormones had no influence on the spasmolytic action of piperidolate.

Trimethaphan (or Trimethaphan camsylate), a ganglionic blocking agent and an antihypertensive drug, was marketed under the brand name Arfonad. Arfonad is indicated to induce systemic arterial hypotension in patients undergoing major surgery and to treat severe systemic hypertension, and in the emergency treatment of pulmonary edema in patients with pulmonary hypertension associated with systemic hypertension. Trimethaphan prevents stimulation of postsynaptic receptors by competing with acetylcholine for these receptor sites. Additional effects may include direct peripheral vasodilation and release of histamine. This drug was discontinued because of the competition from newer drugs that are more selective in their actions and effects.

Pentolinium (brand name Ansolysen) is a ganglionic cholinergic antagonist, acting on alpha 3 beta 4 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). It was used as an antihypertensive drug during surgery or to control hypertensive crises, but Ansolysen was discontinued. Pentolinium inhibits release of adrenaline and noradrenaline from adrenergic nerves.

Aminopentamide is a potent antispasmodic agent. As a cholinergic blocking agent for smooth muscle, its action is similar to atropine. Aminopentamide hydrogen sulfate is marketed under the brand name Centrine indicated in the treatment of acute abdominal visceral spasm, pylorospasm or hypertrophic gastritis and associated nausea, vomiting and/or diarrhea of the dogs and cats. Centrine effectively reduces the tone and amplitude of colonic contractions to a greater degree and for a more extended period than does atropine. Centrine effects a reduction in gastric secretion, a decrease in gastric acidity and a marked decrease in gastric motility. Aminopentamide is a nonselective muscarinic cholinergic .

Acetrizoic acid (trade names Gastrografina, Urografina in Portugal) is a palatable lemon-flavored water-soluble iodinated radiopaque X-ray contrast medium for oral or rectal administration only. Acetrizoic acid is indicated for radiographic examination of segments of the gastrointestinal tract (esophagus, stomach, proximal small intestine, and colon). The preparation is particularly indicated when a more viscous agent such as barium sulfate, which is not water-soluble, is not feasible or is potentially dangerous. Administration of hypertonic Gastrografin solutions may lead to hypovolemia and hypotension due to fluid loss from the intestine.

Quercetin is a unique bioflavonoid that has been extensively studied by researchers over the past 30 years. Quercetin, the most abundant of the flavonoids (the name comes from the Latin –quercetum, meaning oak forest, quercus oak) consists of 3 rings and 5 hydroxyl groups. Quercetin is a member of the class of flavonoids called flavonoles and forms the backbone for many other flavonoids including the citrus flavonoids like rutin, hesperidins, Naringenin and tangeritin. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom in rinds and barks. The best described property of Quercetin is its ability to act as antioxidant. Quercetin seems to be the most powerful flavonoids for protecting the body against reactive oxygen species, produced during the normal oxygen metabolism or are induced by exogenous damage [9, 10]. One of the most important mechanisms and the sequence of events by which free radicals interfere with the cellular functions seem to be the lipid peroxidation leading eventually the cell death. To protect this cellular death to happen from reactive oxygen species, living organisms have developed antioxidant line of defense systems [11]. These include enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants that keep in check ROS/RNS level and repair oxidative cellular damage. The major enzymes, constituting the first line of defence, directly involved in the neutralization of ROS/RNS are: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) The second line of defence is represented by radical scavenging antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin A and plant phytochemicals including quercetin that inhibit the oxidation chain initiation and prevent chain propagation. This may also include the termination of a chain by the reaction of two radicals. The repair and de novo enzymes act as the third line of defence by repairing damage and reconstituting membranes. These include lipases, proteases, DNA repair enzymes and transferases. Quercetin is a specific quinone reductase 2 (QR2) inhibitor, an enzyme (along with the human QR1 homolog) which catalyzes metabolism of toxic quinolines. Inhibition of QR2 in plasmodium may potentially cause lethal oxidative stress. The inhibition of antioxidant activity in plasmodium may contribute to killing the malaria causing parasites.