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Restrict the search for
vitamin a
to a specific field?
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2008)
Source:
ANDA078412
(2008)
Source URL:
First approved in 1988
Source:
ANDA077170
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (RACEMIC)
Targets:
Cetirizine, a human metabolite of hydroxyzine, is an antihistamine; its principal effects are mediated via selective inhibition of peripheral H1 receptors. It is indicated for the relief of nasal and non-nasal symptoms associated with seasonal or perennial allergic rhinitis, hay fever and chronic idiopathic urticaria. Commonly reported adverse reactions of cetirizine include headache, dry mouth and drowsiness or fatigue. Pharmacokinetic interaction studies with Cetirizine in adults were conducted with pseudoephedrine, antipyrine, ketoconazole, erythromycin and azithromycin. No interactions were observed.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2020)
Source:
ANDA210986
(2020)
Source URL:
First approved in 1988
Source:
VOLTAREN by NOVARTIS
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Conditions:
Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the phenylacetic acid class with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties. Contrary to the action of many traditional NSAIDs, diclofenac inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 enzyme with greater potency than it does COX-1. In addition diclofenac can inhibit the thromboxane-prostanoid receptor, affect arachidonic acid release and uptake, inhibit lipoxygenase enzymes, and activate the nitric oxide-cGMP antinociceptive pathway. Other novel mechanisms of action may include the inhibition of substrate P, inhibition of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), blockage of acid-sensing ion channels, alteration of interleukin-6 production, and inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor hyperalgesia. Similar to other NSAIDs, diclofenac is associated with serious dose-dependent gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and renal adverse effects. Since its introduction in 1973, a number of different diclofenac-containing drug products have been developed with the goal of improving efficacy, tolerability, and patient convenience. Delayed- and extended-release forms of diclofenac sodium were initially developed with the goal of improving the safety profile of diclofenac and providing convenient, once-daily dosing for the treatment of patients with chronic pain. New drug products consisting of diclofenac potassium salt were associated with faster absorption and rapid onset of pain relief. These include diclofenac potassium immediate-release tablets, diclofenac potassium liquid-filled soft gel capsules, and diclofenac potassium powder for oral solution. The advent of topical formulations of diclofenac enabled local treatment of pain and inflammation while minimizing systemic absorption of diclofenac. SoluMatrix diclofenac, consisting of submicron particles of diclofenac free acid and a proprietary combination of excipients, was developed to provide analgesic efficacy at reduced doses associated with lower systemic absorption. The drug's likely impact on the Asian vulture population was widely reported. The dramatic mortality was attributed largely to renal failure caused by exposure to diclofenac in livestock carcasses on which the birds fed. Although not the most endearing species, vultures are important environmental scavengers and, since veterinary use of diclofenac was stopped in the region in 2006, the decline in vulture numbers has slowed.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2024)
Source:
ANDA217548
(2024)
Source URL:
First approved in 1988
Source:
CARDENE by CHIESI
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (RACEMIC)
Targets:
Conditions:
Nicardipine is a potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action used to treat high blood pressure and angina. By deforming the channel, inhibiting ion-control gating mechanisms, and/or interfering with the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, nicardipine inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium across the myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cell membranes The decrease in intracellular calcium inhibits the contractile processes of the myocardial smooth muscle cells, causing dilation of the coronary and systemic arteries, increased oxygen delivery to the myocardial tissue, decreased total peripheral resistance, decreased systemic blood pressure, and decreased afterload.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2006)
Source:
NDA021471
(2006)
Source URL:
First approved in 1988
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Conditions:
Avobenzone is an oil soluble ingredient used in sunscreen products to absorb the full spectrum of UVA rays. It helps prevent sunburn. Avobenzone works by absorbing the rays and converting them to energy that is less damaging to the skin.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2021)
Source:
ANDA213053
(2021)
Source URL:
First approved in 1987
Source:
BACTROBAN by GLAXOSMITHKLINE
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Targets:
Conditions:
Mupirocin (BACTROBAN®) is an antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing. Mupirocin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by reversibly and specifically binding to bacterial isoleucyltransfer RNA (tRNA) synthetase. It also severely inhibits RNA synthesis. DNA and cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis are inhibited to a lesser extent and interference with these processes is considered to be a secondary effect. Mupirocin is bactericidal at concentrations achieved by topical administration.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2007)
Source:
ANDA078349
(2007)
Source URL:
First approved in 1987
Source:
NDA019655
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Conditions:
Zidovudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with activity against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1). Zidovudine is phosphorylated to active metabolites that compete for incorporation into viral DNA. They inhibit the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme competitively and act as a chain terminator of DNA synthesis. The lack of a 3'-OH group in the incorporated nucleoside analogue prevents the formation of the 5' to 3' phosphodiester linkage essential for DNA chain elongation, and therefore, the viral DNA growth is terminated. Zidovudine, a structural analog of thymidine, is a prodrug that must be phosphorylated to its active 5′-triphosphate metabolite, zidovudine triphosphate (ZDV-TP). It inhibits the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) via DNA chain termination after incorporation of the nucleotide analogue. It competes with the natural substrate dGTP and incorporates itself into viral DNA. It is also a weak inhibitor of cellular DNA polymerase α and γ. Zidovudine is used in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of human immunovirus (HIV) infections. Zidovudine is marketed as Retrovir.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(1987)
Source:
NDA019779
(1987)
Source URL:
First approved in 1987
Source:
NDA019779
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Conditions:
Apraclonidine (IOPIDINE) is an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist and a weak α1-adrenergic receptor agonist. It is used for the prevention and treatment of postsurgical intraocular pressure elevation. The following adverse events, occurring in less than 2% of patients, were reported in association with the use of IOPIDINE Ophthalmic Solution in laser surgery: ocular injection, upper lid elevation, irregular heart rate, nasal decongestion, ocular inflammation, conjunctival blanching, and mydriasis. Interactions with other agents have not been investigated.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2006)
Source:
ANDA076871
(2006)
Source URL:
First approved in 1987
Source:
NOVANTRONE by EMD SERONO
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Conditions:
Mitoxantrone (NOVANTRONE) is a synthetic antineoplastic
anthracenedione. Mitoxantrone, a DNA-reactive agent that intercalates into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
through hydrogen bonding, causes crosslinks and strand breaks. Mitoxantrone also interferes with ribonucleic acid (RNA) and is a potent inhibitor of topoisomerase II, an
enzyme responsible for uncoiling and repairing damaged DNA. It has a cytocidal effect
on both proliferating and nonproliferating cultured human cells, suggesting lack of cell
cycle phase specificity.
Mitoxantrone has been shown in vitro to inhibit B cell, T cell, and macrophage
proliferation and impair antigen pre sentation, as well as the secretion of interferon
gamma, TNFα, and IL-2. NOVANTRONE is indicated for reducing neurologic disability and/or the frequency of
clinical relapses in patients with secondary (chronic) progressive, progressive relapsing,
or worsening relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (i.e., patients whose neurologic status
is significantly abnormal between relapses). NOVANTRONE in combination with corticosteroids is indicated as initial chemotherapy
for the treatment of patients with pain related to advanced hormone-refractory prostate
cancer.
NOVANTRONE in combination with other approved drug(s) is indicated in the initial
therapy of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) in adults. This category includes
myelogenous, promyelocytic, monocytic, and erythroid acute leukemias.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(1998)
Source:
NDA020805
(1998)
Source URL:
First approved in 1987
Source:
NDA019537
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Ciprofloxacin (1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid) is the synthetic antimicrobial agent for oral or intravenous administration. Ciprofloxacin is a member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents. The bactericidal action of ciprofloxacin results from inhibition of the enzymes topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV (both Type II topoisomerases), which are required for bacterial DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination. Ciprofloxacin is used to treat a wide variety of infections, including infections of bones and joints, endocarditis, gastroenteritis, malignant otitis externa, respiratory tract infections, cellulitis, urinary tract infections, prostatitis, anthrax, and chancroid. In the United States, ciprofloxacin is pregnancy category C. This category includes drugs for which no adequate and well-controlled studies in human pregnancy exist, and for which animal studies have suggested the potential for harm to the fetus, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks. Fluoroquinolones have been reported as present in a mother's milk and thus passed on to the nursing child. Oral and intravenous ciprofloxacin is approved by the FDA for use in children for only two indications due to the risk of permanent injury to the musculoskeletal system: Inhalational anthrax (postexposure) and Complicated urinary tract infections and pyelonephritis due to Escherichia coli.
Status:
US Approved Rx
(2002)
Source:
ANDA075660
(2002)
Source URL:
First approved in 1987
Source:
PRIMACOR by SANOFI AVENTIS US
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Conditions:
Milrinone, a synthetic dimethylxanthine derivative structurally related to theophylline and caffeine, is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular diseases and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy. Milrinone inhibits erythrocyte phosphodiesterase, resulting in an increase in erythrocyte cAMP activity. Subsequently, the erythrocyte membrane becomes more resistant to deformity. Along with erythrocyte activity, Milrinone also decreases blood viscosity by reducing plasma fibrinogen concentrations and increasing fibrinolytic activity. Milrinone is indicated for the treatment of congestive heart failure. Milrinone was marketed under the brand name Primacor.
