Antroquinonol is isolated from Antrodia camphorata, a camphor tree mushroom, and is a valuable traditional Chinese herbal medicine that exhibits pharmacological activities against several diseases, including cancer. Antroquinonol displayed anticancer activity against hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines through activation of 5′ adenosine-monophosphate-activated protein kinase and inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Antroquinonol also exhibits anticancer activity in human pancreatic cancers through inhibition of the phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR pathway, which in turn downregulates the expression of cell cycle regulators. The translational inhibition causes a G1 arrest of the cell cycle and ultimately mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. A study on the A549 pulmonary adenocarcinoma cell line demonstrated that antroquinonol-induced apoptosis was associated with disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of caspase-3 and poly ADP ribose polymerase cleavage. Moreover, antroquinonol treatment downregulated the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 proteins, which was correlated with decreased PI3K and mTOR protein levels, without altering the levels of pro- or antiapoptotic proteins. Antroquinonol is currently in phase II trials (USA and Taiwan) for the treatment of non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), atopic dermatitis; colorectal cancer; hepatitis B; hyperlipidaemia; pancreatic cancer. Antroquinonol was also approved for drug clinical trials by the Russian Ministry of Health (MoH). The MoH gave permission to test the efficacy and safety of Phase II clinical trials in patients with acute myeloid leukemia in Russia. Antroquinonol received the Orphan Drug Designation by the FDA in treatment of pancreatic cancer, liver cancer and acute myeloid leukaemia.

2-[18F]Fludarabine is a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) tracer for imaging lymphoma.

AZD9164 was invented by AstraZeneca as a muscarinic M(3) receptor antagonist for evaluation of the potential as a treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, in 2010 studies were discontinued.

Corticosterone is an adrenocortical steroid, the major glucocorticoid that has modest but significant activities as a mineralocorticoid and a glucocorticoid. Corticosterone is of minor importance in humans but is known, that it has a profound effect on the structure and function of the hippocampus. Brain corticosterone may involve memory storage and emotional stress might cause increases in plasma corticosterone.

Volixibat (SHP626; formerly LUM002) is a potent inhibitor of the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) that was developed for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Volixibat participated in phase II clinical trial to investigate its safety, effectiveness in adults with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. However, this study was discontinued, without any further explanation for the possible causes. In addition, volixibat was studied in a clinical trial in healthy adults and in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, where was shown that the drug was generally well tolerated.

Milataxel, a taxane that binds to and stabilizes tubulin, resulting in the inhibition of microtubule depolymerization. Milataxel has completed phase II clinical trials for non-small cell lung cancer patients, and for colorectal cancer patients. Besides, it was studied for malignant mesothelioma. However, the drug has been discontinued due to toxicity issues at the dose level of 35 mg/m 2.