Setrobuvir (also known as ANA-598 and RG7790) is an orally administered, small-molecule non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitor, which was in development by Roche company. Setrobuvir has been used in trials studying the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Setrobuvir is a non–nucleoside NS5B inhibitor (NNI). It has shown potency and a high degree of specificity against HCV genotype 1 NS5B polymerase, leading to 73% SVR when orally administrated to patients in combination with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. An interferon-free setrobuvir based regimes of three direct acting antivirals (DAAs) plus ribavirin has also been shown to be safe and effective in genotype 1 treatment naive patients.

ABC-294640 is an orally bioavailable and selective sphingosine kinase-2 (SphK2) inhibitor with IC50 of approximately 60 uM. ABC-294640 inhibits SK2, a lipid kinase that catalyzes formation of the lipid signaling molecule sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). S1P promotes cancer growth, and proliferation and pathological inflammation, including TNFα signaling and other inflammatory cytokine production. Specifically, by inhibiting the SK2 enzyme, ABC-294640 blocks the synthesis of S1P which regulates fundamental biological processes such as cell proliferation, migration, immune cell trafficking and angiogenesis, and are also involved in immune-modulation and suppression of innate immune responses from T cells. Preliminary evidence suggests that because of its specificity for targeting SK2, rather than SK1, ABC-294640 may have a better therapeutic ratio than nonspecific sphingosine kinase inhibitors or those targeting only SK1. Oral administration of ABC-294640 to mice bearing mammary adenocarcinoma xenografts results in dose-dependent antitumor activity associated with depletion of S1P levels in the tumors and progressive tumor cell apoptosis. Therefore, this newly developed SK2 inhibitor provides an orally available drug candidate for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. ABC-294640 has completed multiple successful pre-clinical studies in inflammatory, GI, radioprotection and oncology models, as well as a Phase I clinical study in cancer patients with advanced solid tumors.

Nivocasan (aka GS-9450) was discovered by LG Life Sciences and developed by Gilead Sciences. Nivocasan is an irreversible inhibitor of caspase 1, 8, and 9, and therefore able to prevent apoptosis. Nivocasan has been investigated as a treatment option for Hepatic fibrosis and Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis related to Hepatitis C infection. It had advanced to Phase II clinical trials before the development program was suspended.

Bradanicline (formerly known as ATA-101 or TC-5619), a selective full agonist for the alpha7 neuronal nicotinic receptor (NNR) subtype was developed for the treatment of central nervous system diseases and disorders. Bradanicline participated in phase II clinical trials for patients with negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia; however, results did not support a benefit of the drug. The development was also discontinued for Alzheimer's disease and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. In addition, it was announced that the first patient had been treated in Phase 2 clinical trial in chronic cough with bradanicline. Phase 2 will test the efficacy and safety of bradanicline in up to 49 patients with refractory chronic cough. Refractory chronic cough is defined as a cough that persists for eight weeks or more. In the plans will conduct additional clinical trials to test the safety and efficacy of bradanicline.

Aldeyra’s lead product candidate, reproxalap (formerly ADX 102 or NS-2), is a small molecule RASP (Reactive Aldehyde Species) inhibitor in Phase 3 clinical development for the treatment of dry eye disease, allergic conjunctivitis, noninfectious anterior uveitis, and Sjögren-Larsson syndrome. NS-2 has been tested in a variety of in vitro and preclinical models, and has demonstrated the ability to trap free aldehydes, diminish inflammation, reduce healing time, protect key cellular constituents from aldehyde damage, and lower the potential for scarring or fibrosis. NS-2 has been tested in a variety of toxicity studies in animals and appears to be generally safe and well tolerated. NS-2 has an orphan drug status for the treatment of Sjogren-Larsson syndrome.

Buparlisib (NVP-BKM12), a dimorpholino pyrimidine derivative, is a selective pan class I phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor for treating cancer. It penetrates the blood-brain barrier and has a potential as a glioma treatment. NVP-BKM120 inhibits PI3K activity by binding to the ATP binding cleft of this enzymes and was tested against class I PI3K and other kinases using an ATP depletion (Kinase-Glo) assay. The compound was shown to be active against P110 α, β, γ and δ. The inhibition of the PI3K signaling pathways leads to different forms of cell death on the basis of p53 statuses. Buparlisib demonstrated its activity in human glioblastoma (GBM) cells in vitro and in vivo and is in clinical trials for solid tumors including GBM.

3-Indolepropionic acid (IN-OX1; Indole-3-propionic acid; OX-1; Oxigon; SHP 22; SHP-622; VP-20629), an endogenous substance produced by bacteria in the intestine, is a deamination product of Tryptophan (T947200) that protects the hippocampus (studied in gerbils) from ischemic damage and oxidative stress. It’s ability to protect the neurons in this way is attributed to its potent antioxidative effects. 3-Indolepropionic acid is also hypothesized to have protective effects on the thyroid gland. 3-Indolepropionic acid is being studied for therapeutic use in Alzheimer's disease. 3-Indolepropionic acid (IPA) completely protected primary neurons and neuroblastoma cells against oxidative damage and death caused by exposure to Abeta, by inhibition of superoxide dismutase, or by treatment with hydrogen peroxide. In kinetic competition experiments using free radical-trapping agents, the capacity of IPA to scavenge hydroxyl radicals exceeded that of melatonin, an indoleamine considered to be the most potent naturally occurring scavenger of free radicals. In contrast with other antioxidants, IPA was not converted to reactive intermediates with pro-oxidant activity. In 2011, Intellect redirected the focus of the OX1 program from Alzheimer's disease to FA (Friedreich's Ataxia). Research suggests that the symptoms associated with FA are the result of oxidative stress caused by the abnormal accumulation of iron. OX1's ability to neutralize ROS could be an effective agent to reduce oxidative stress in FA, thereby eliminating the symptoms of FA and increasing both quality of life and longevity in affected individuals.

Elbimilast or ronomilast (previously ELB 353) is a phosphodiesterase IV (PDE4) inhibitor. It has been investigated in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Ezlopitant (CJ-11974) is a non-peptide neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist. Pfizer was developing ezlopitant for the potential treatment of irritable bowel syndrome and chemotherapy-induced emesis. Development of ezlopitant has been discontinued.

Letaxaban is an orally active, tetrahydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one derivative and inhibitor of coagulation factor Xa (activated factor X) with anticoagulant activity. Letaxaban may have anti-inflammatory potential in addition to its anti-thrombotic effects. Letaxaban had been in phase II clinical trials by Takeda for the treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, this research has been discontinued. Takeda had discontinued their phase II clinical trials for the treatment of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) since the results failed to meet the target efficacy and safety profile.