L-serineThe is a non-essential amino acid. L-serine and the products of its metabolism have been recognized not only to be essential for cell proliferation, but also to be necessary for specific functions in the central nervous system. The findings of altered levels of serine and glycine in patients with psychiatric disorders and the severe neurological abnormalities in patients with defects of L-serine synthesis underscore the importance of L-serine in brain development and function. L-serine supplementation is in trials for the treatment of several CNS diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 1 and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Proline (L-Proline) is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins. Proline is a non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. Proline is used in pharmaceuticals as an excipient and as an active substance in nutritional supplements. Proline is not commonly used in pharmaceuticals as an excipient. It is approved for use in Privigen (IVIg) and Hizentra (SCIg) solution for injection as a stabiliser for IgG. Proline is also contained in low amounts in several vaccines, e.g. Havrix 720 Kinder (Hepatitis A).

Malic acid is a tart-tasting organic dicarboxylic acid that contributes to the taste of many sour or tart foods such as apples. Sodium Malate is the sodium salt of Malic Acid. Malic Acid and Sodium Malate can be found in a wide range of cosmetics and personal care products. Sodium Malate functions as a skin conditioning agent-humectant. As a food additive, Sodium Malate has the E number E350. Sodium Malate has demonstrated protective effect on cisplatin-induced toxicity in mice. Sodium malate could become a useful agent for the reduction of CDDP-induced toxicity, particularly nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity.

Somatostatin (also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone) is a naturally-occurring peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system. Somatostatin is produced in gastrointestinal (GI) tract, pancreas, hypothalamus, and central nervous system (CNS) and some other organs. Somatostatin is initially secreted as a 116 amino acid precursor, preprosomatostatin, which undergoes endoproteolytic cleavage to prosomastatin. Prosomastatin is further process into two active forms, shorter isoform somatostatin-14 works primarily in the brain, while the longer somatostatin-28 (SST-28) form operates in the GI tract. Somatostatin produces predominantly neuroendocrine inhibitory effects across multiple systems. It is known to inhibit GI, endocrine, exocrine, pancreatic, and pituitary secretions, as well as modify neurotransmission and memory formation in the CNS. Somatostatin binds to six different receptors in various systems and cells throughout the body to produce its regulatory effect. These receptors are specific to somatostatin and classify as G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR). Somatostatin half-life is between 1 to 3 minutes. Due to its short half-life, somatostatin has been formulated exogenously in much more stable forms with a longer half-life; this allows for its primary clinical use, which is the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors.

Octopamine is an organic chemical closely related to norepinephrine. In many types of invertebrates it functions as a neurotransmitter. Octopamine is known to exert adrenergic effects in mammals although specific octopamine receptors have been cloned only in invertebrates. It has been shown that octopamine can stimulate alpha(2)-adrenoceptors (ARs) in Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with human alpha(2)-ARs. Octopamine stimulates lipolysis through beta(3)-rather than beta(1)-or beta(2)-AR activation in white adipocytes from different mammalian species. Octopamine activates only beta(3)-ARs and is devoid of alpha(2)-adrenergic agonism. Thus, octopamine could be considered as an endogenous selective beta(3)-AR agonist. In humans Octopamine is a trace amine found endogenously in the human brain where it interacts with signalling of catecholamines; it is structurally similar to synephrine and tyramine, being a metabolite of the latter (via dopamine β-hydroxylase) and substrate for the synthesis of the former (via phenethanolamine N-methyltransferase[3]) while being perhaps the closest in structure to noradrenaline. Octopamine is found in the bitter orange similar to many biogenic amines related to L-tyrosine that are used as dietary supplements, this includes synephrine and hordenine. p-Octopamine HCl (Norphen) was studied in the late 1960’s and 1970’s as a drug for the treatment of hypotensive regulatory and circulatory disorders. Octopamine was used as a nootropic. All optical isomers (enantiomers) of octopamine are on the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) 2014 list of substances prohibited in competition.

17α-Hydroxyprogesterone (17α-OHP), or hydroxyprogesterone (OHP), also known as 17α-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3, 20-dione is used under the brand name Gestageno, and has been marketed for clinical use in Argentina. It was indicated for female infertility, hypertrichosis, menstrual disorders, premature labour, threatened or recurrent miscarriage. It is used to properly regulate the menstrual cycle and treat unusual stopping of the menstrual periods (amenorrhea). To help a pregnancy occur during egg donor or infertility procedures in women who do not produce enough progesterone. To prevent estrogen from thickening the lining of the uterus (endometrial hyperplasia) in women around menopause who are being treated with estrogen for ovarian hormone therapy (OHT). To treat a condition called endometriosis, to help prevent endometrial hyperplasia, or to treat unusual and heavy bleeding of the uterus (dysfunctional uterine bleeding) by starting or stopping the menstrual cycle. 17α-OHP is an agonist of the progesterone receptor (PR) similarly to progesterone. In addition, it is an antagonist of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) as well as a partial agonist of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), albeit with very low potency (EC50 >100-fold less relative to cortisol) at the latter site, also similarly to progesterone.

Aldosterone is a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. Recent findings have shown that the physiological functions of the hormone aldosterone go far beyond its well-known role in blood-pressure regulation and salt/water homeostasis. Aldosterone is for example involved in the regulation of inflammation, and also binds directly to mineralocorticoid receptors in specific brain regions. At the late distal tubule and collecting duct, aldosterone has two main actions: 1) aldosterone acts on mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) on principal cells in the distal tubule of the kidney nephron, increasing the permeability of their apical (luminal) membrane to potassium and sodium and activates their basolateral Na+/K+ pumps, stimulating ATP hydrolysis leading to phosphorylation of the pump and a conformational change in the pump exposes the Na+ ions to the outside. The phosphorylated form of the pump has a low affinity for Na+ ions, hence reabsorbing sodium (Na+) ions and water into the blood, and secreting potassium (K+) ions into the urine; 2) aldosterone stimulates H+ secretion by intercalated cells in the collecting duct, regulating plasma bicarbonate (HCO3−) levels and its acid/base balance; and 3) aldosterone may act on the central nervous system via the posterior pituitary gland to release vasopressin (ADH) which serves to conserve water by direct actions on renal tubular resorption.

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter produced by serotonergic neurons in the CNS and enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract. Pharmacologic action of serotonin is mediated by a large and diverse range of 5-HT receptors. Serotonin plays an important part in the biochemistry of depression, migraine, bipolar disorder, and anxiety. It is also believed to be influential on sexuality and appetite. Creatinine is a product of the metabolic breakdown of creatine phosphate in muscle. Creatinine is filtered by healthy kidneys. Serotonin creatinine sulfate complex was the first isolated salt form of serotonin.

Epitestosterone (17alpha-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one) is a naturally occurring epimer of testosterone. It apparently parallels the formation of testosterone, but on the other hand its concentration is not influenced by exogenous administration of testosterone. This fact creates the basis of the present doping control of testosterone abuse. Epitestosterone can be considered as a weak antiandrogen in the term of displacement of androgen from receptor binding and as an efficient inhibitor of 5 alpha-reductase. Epitestosterone exerts androgen receptor-independent neuroprotective activity in vitro.

Hippuric Acid is an acyl glycine produced by the conjugation of benzoic acid and glycine, found as a normal component in urine as a metabolite of aromatic compounds from food. Increased urine hippuric acid content may have antibacterial effects. Hippuric Acid is used therapeutically in the form of its salts (hippurates of calcium and ammonium). It is an ingredient of FDA-approved drug Hiprex (methenamine hippurate tablets USP). Each yellow capsule-shaped tablet of Hiprex contains 1 g Methenamine Hippurate which is the Hippuric Acid Salt of Methenamine (hexamethylene tetramine). The tablet also contains inactive ingredients. Hiprex (methenamine hippurate tablets USP) has antibacterial activity because the methenamine component is hydrolyzed to formaldehyde in acid urine. Hippuric acid has some antibacterial activity and also acts to keep the urine acid. The drug is generally active against E. coli, enterococci and staphylococci. Enterobacter aerogenes is generally resistant. The urine must be kept sufficiently acid for urea-splitting organisms such as Proteus and Pseudomonas to be inhibited. Hiprex is indicated for prophylactic or suppressive treatment of frequently recurring urinary tract infections when long-term therapy is considered necessary.