Benzylpenilloic acid is a metabolite of benzylpenicillin. It is produced by hydrolysis of when beta-lactam ring of benzylpenicillin. Along with some other metabolites of penicillin, benzylpenilloic acid is responsible for the allergic reaction to beta-lactam antibiotic. It is a component of a minor determinant mixture (MDM) reagent which is used to evaluate sensitivity to penicillin in the clinic.

Florilglutamic acid enters cells through a transport system known as xC- (cystine/glutamate antiporter) which is more abundant in cancer tissue. Florilglutamic acid (18F) is a radioactive compound for use with an imaging method known as positron emission tomography (PET). When injected into the patient, florilglutamic acid (18F) is more effectively taken up by the cancer cells in the liver from where it is expected to emit radiation that can be detected in a PET scan, thereby allowing the cancer to be diagnosed. Orphan designation (EU/3/16/1632) was granted by the European Commission to Piramal Imaging GmbH, Germany, for florilglutamic acid (18F) for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.

3,3',5,5'-Tetraiodothyroacetic acid (Tetrac) is a deaminated analog of L-thyroxine (T4) that blocks the proangiogenesis actions of T4 and 3, 5, 3’-triiodo-L-thyronine as well as other growth factors at the cell surface receptor for thyroid hormone on integrin αvβ3. 3,3',5,5'-Tetraiodothyroacetic acid blocks the transcriptional activities directed by L-thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3’-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) at αvβ3, but, independently of T4 and T3, 3,3',5,5'-Tetraiodothyroacetic acid modulates transcription of cancer cell genes that are important to cell survival pathways, control of the cell cycle, angiogenesis (VEGFA, FGF), apoptosis, cell export of chemotherapeutic agents, and repair of double-strand DNA breaks. 3,3',5,5'-Tetraiodothyroacetic acid was found to perturb the angiogenesis process stimulated by VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) or FGF (Fibroblast Growth Factor) without influencing the preexisting blood vessels.

Sodium arsenite is an inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2. It has a role as an insecticide, an antibacterial agent, a herbicide, a rodenticide, a carcinogenic agent, an antineoplastic agent and an antifungal agent. It is an arsenic molecular entity and an inorganic sodium salt. Sodium arsenite demonstrated in vitro scolicidal effect against E. granulosus protoscoleces. Sodium arsenite is known to suppress both the IKK-NF-kappaB and JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathways and to activate the MAPK/JNK-cJun pathways, thereby committing some cancers to undergo apoptosis. Sodium arsenite is an effective drug for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with little nonspecific toxicity. Sodium metaarsenite (KML-001) displaces hTERT from the nucleus and is synergistic with cisplatin. It was used in the clinical trials for the treatment of advanced solid tumors.

Gossypol is a substance that is found in the cotton plant. It is removed from the seeds and used for medicine. Gossypol is effective as a nonhormonal male contraceptive; however, it has been documented to have irreversible effects on male fertility. Gossypol is reported to exhibit antioxidant, anticancer, antivirus, antiparasitic, and antimicrobial properties and lower plasma cholesterol. Nausea, emesis, anorexia, diarrhea, altered taste sensation, small intestine obstruction, and fatigue have been recorded in clinical trials as adverse reactions. Large amounts of gossypol can decrease potassium levels in the body. Low potassium levels can increase the side effects of digoxin.