Malachite green, an N-methylated diaminotriphenylmethane dye, is used primarily as a therapeutic agent in aquaculture. It controls fungal attacks, protozoan infections and some other diseases caused by helminths on a wide variety of fish and other aquatic organisms. In solution, the dye exists as a mixture of the cation (chromatic malachite green) and its carbinol base, with the ratio depending on the pH of the solution; the dye also can undergo chemical and metabolic reduction to a leuco derivative. Malachite green intercalates with DNA, with a preference for A:T-rich regions, and the leuco derivative bears a structural resemblance to carcinogenic aromatic amines that can form covalent DNA adducts. In mammalian cells, it shows marked cytotoxicity and the ability to induce cell transformation and lipid peroxidation. The toxicity of this dye increases with exposure time, temperature and concentration. It has been reported to cause carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, chromosomal fractures, teratogenecity and respiratory toxicity.

Sodium dithionite (or sodium hydrosulfite), an inexpensive and safe reducing agent, which for example enables the reduction of aromatic nitro. This compound is also used to reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in chromite ore processing residue (COPR) wastes containing high available Fe.

HYPOCHLORITE (as sodium salt) is a main active component of DAKIN'S® antimicrobial solution, which is used to prevent and treat infections of the skin and tissue, and also pre- and post-surgery cuts, abrasions, and skin ulcers.

p-Chlorocresol (p-chloro-m-cresol; PCMC; brand name: Preventol CMK) possesses disinfectant and antiseptic properties. Chlorocresol is used in various preparations for skin disinfection and wounds. It also used as a preservative in creams and other preparations for external use which contain water. For use as a disinfectant such as a hand wash, it is commonly dissolved in alcohol in combination with other phenols. It is a moderate allergen for sensitive skin. Chlorocresol produces potentially life-threatening effects which include dermatitis, which are responsible for the discontinuation of chlorocresol therapy. The symptomatic adverse reactions produced by chlorocresol are more or less tolerable and if they become severe, they can be treated symptomatically, these include hypersensitivity reactions, irritation of eyes.

The iodate ion is an oxoanion of iodine bearing a negative charge and containing three oxygen atoms. Because it is more stable than iodide, most health authorities preferentially recommend iodate as an additive to salt for correcting iodine deficiency. In humans and rats, oral bioavailability of iodine from iodate is virtually equivalent to that from iodide. When given intravenously to rats, or when added to whole blood or tissue homogenates in vitro or to foodstuff, iodate is quantitatively reduced to iodide by nonenzymatic reactions, and thus becomes available to the body as iodide. Therefore, except perhaps for the gastrointestinal mucosa, exposure of tissues to iodate might be minimal. At much higher doses given intravenously (i.e., above 10 mg/kg), iodate is highly toxic to the retina. Ocular toxicity in humans has occurred only after exposure to doses of 600 to 1,200 mg per individual. Oral exposures of several animal species to high doses, exceeding the human intake from fortified salt by orders of magnitude, pointed to corrosive effects in the gastrointestinal tract, hemolysis, nephrotoxicity, and hepatic injury.

DIDECYLDIMONIUM (as a salt, didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC)) is used in many types of biocidal products including tableware, carpets, humidifiers, and swimming pools. It shows a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and is also effective on fungi and viruses, including those that are enveloped.

Mecetronium etilsulfate (MES) is a detergent and belongs to the group of surface-active ingredients. MES along with propan-2-ol and propan-1-ol is an ingredient of rub-in hand disinfectants. The antimicrobial contribution of MES in hand rubs is questionable. MES locks on the outermost layer of the skin (stratum corneum) for sustained bacterial reduction as long as 3 to 5 hours.

Inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi ) has long been known as a by-product of many intracellular biosynthetic reactions. PPi plays the regulatory role in living systems, such as activities of enzymes, fidelity of syntheses of macromolecules, and proliferation of cells. PPi is used as a biochemical energy source instead of ATP especially in bacteria, protists, and plants. PPi may also regulate the formation and dissolution of bone as well as pathologic calcification of soft tissues and the formation of urinary stones. The formation of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in the extracellular fluids of joints cause the disease called pseudogout. Sodium, potassium and calcium pyrophosphates (E450) are used as food additives as buffers and emulsifiers.

Barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2, is also known as baryta. Barium hydroxide crystallizes as the octahydrate, which can be converted to the monohydrate by heating in air. The anhydrous hydroxide has only a secondary industrial importance; the monohydrate and octahydrate are used in industry on a far larger scale. Barium hydroxide, especially the monohydrate, is used to produce organic barium compounds such as additives for oil and stabilizers for plastics. In addition, barium hydroxide is used for dehydration and deacidification, especially for removing sulfuric acid from fats, oils, waxes, and glycerol.