Denatonium, usually available as denatonium benzoate (trade names Bitrex) is the most bitter chemical compound known, with bitterness thresholds of 0.05 ppm for the benzoate and 0.01 ppm for the saccharide. Scientists at Macfarlan Smith, Ltd. of Edinburgh, Scotland discovered Bitrex during research on derivatives of the anesthetic lidocaine. The extremely bitter taste proved effective in reducing ingestion by humans and animals. Denatonium is commonly included in placebo medications used in clinical trials to match the bitter taste of certain medications. Denatonium activates bitter taste receptor, mainly, TAS2R4, TAS2R8, TAS2R10, TAS2R13 on many cell types and plays important roles in chemical release, ciliary beating and smooth muscle relaxation through intracellular Ca(2+)-dependent pathways.

Denatonium, usually available as denatonium benzoate (trade names Bitrex) is the most bitter chemical compound known, with bitterness thresholds of 0.05 ppm for the benzoate and 0.01 ppm for the saccharide. Scientists at Macfarlan Smith, Ltd. of Edinburgh, Scotland discovered Bitrex during research on derivatives of the anesthetic lidocaine. The extremely bitter taste proved effective in reducing ingestion by humans and animals. Denatonium is commonly included in placebo medications used in clinical trials to match the bitter taste of certain medications. Denatonium activates bitter taste receptor, mainly, TAS2R4, TAS2R8, TAS2R10, TAS2R13 on many cell types and plays important roles in chemical release, ciliary beating and smooth muscle relaxation through intracellular Ca(2+)-dependent pathways.

Thiocyanic acid, also known as hydrogen thiocyanate, is a hydracid that is cyanic acid in which the oxygen is replaced by a sulfur atom. It has a role as an Escherichia coli metabolite. It is a hydracid, a one-carbon compound and an organosulfur compound. It is a conjugate acid of a thiocyanate. It is a tautomer of an isothiocyanic acid. In the past, thiocyanate was used therapeutically to treat severe hypertension, but the results of this therapy were inconsistent from clinic to clinic, and even within a single study. Thiocyanate is believed to play a role in an endogenous antibacterial system (lactoperoxidase/thiocyanate/hydrogen peroxide system) present in milk. It has been added commercially to some milk preparations as an antibacterial agent.

Thiocyanic acid, also known as hydrogen thiocyanate, is a hydracid that is cyanic acid in which the oxygen is replaced by a sulfur atom. It has a role as an Escherichia coli metabolite. It is a hydracid, a one-carbon compound and an organosulfur compound. It is a conjugate acid of a thiocyanate. It is a tautomer of an isothiocyanic acid. In the past, thiocyanate was used therapeutically to treat severe hypertension, but the results of this therapy were inconsistent from clinic to clinic, and even within a single study. Thiocyanate is believed to play a role in an endogenous antibacterial system (lactoperoxidase/thiocyanate/hydrogen peroxide system) present in milk. It has been added commercially to some milk preparations as an antibacterial agent.

Chloroxylenol is used as a preservative in cooling fluids, cosmetics, topical medications, urinary antiseptics and metal working fluids. Products containing Chloroxylenol are used for cleaning and disinfecting wounds, abrasions and abscesses, for minor cuts and scratches, insect bites, burns, inflammation of the skin. It is also found in hair conditioners, toilet cleaners, deodorants, soaps and paste. New use cases continue to be identified. Chloroxylenol has been shown to be effective at reducing the number of pathogenic bacteria in clinical environments. Chloroxylenol has been reviewed and is permitted for use within the European Union (EU) in cosmetic products and is also permitted for use in a number of topical pharmaceutical products as licensed by the UK Medicines and Health Regulatory Agency. Chloroxylenol could cause mild skin irritation in some individuals, or cause an allergic reaction in others. Developed in Europe in the 1920s and used in the United States since the 1950s, Chloroxylenol is one of the most mature antimicrobial agents

Pelargonic acid (also called as nonanoic acid), a naturally found in a variety of plants and food products is a cosmetic ingredient, that function as skin-conditioning agent. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved pelargonic acid as a food additive, and as an ingredient in solutions used commercially to peel fruits and vegetables. FDA considers it safe for humans to eat food containing small amounts of pelargonic acid.

Cadmium is a heavy metal that causes toxicity in humans and animals. Cadmium chloride is used due to its solubility in water and its ability to produce high concentrations of cadmium at the target site. Cadmium chloride is used in printing, photocopying, dyeing, analytical chemistry. Experiments on rodents have shown that this compound caused renal toxicity. Oxidative stress plays a key role in cadmium chloride-induced cyto/genotoxicity.

Cadmium is a heavy metal that causes toxicity in humans and animals. Cadmium chloride is used due to its solubility in water and its ability to produce high concentrations of cadmium at the target site. Cadmium chloride is used in printing, photocopying, dyeing, analytical chemistry. Experiments on rodents have shown that this compound caused renal toxicity. Oxidative stress plays a key role in cadmium chloride-induced cyto/genotoxicity.

Cadmium is a heavy metal that causes toxicity in humans and animals. Cadmium chloride is used due to its solubility in water and its ability to produce high concentrations of cadmium at the target site. Cadmium chloride is used in printing, photocopying, dyeing, analytical chemistry. Experiments on rodents have shown that this compound caused renal toxicity. Oxidative stress plays a key role in cadmium chloride-induced cyto/genotoxicity.

Diphenadione is a vitamin K antagonist that exhibits anticoagulant effects and is used as a rodenticide against rats, mice, voles, ground squirrels and others. When orally ingested it is toxic to mammals causing irregular heartbeat and major maladies associated with its impact on blood clotting. It is also used in South America to control vampire bat populations.