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4-Amino-2-nitrophenol is a brownish yellow compound used as an industrial dye intermediate and as a constituent of "semi-permanent" hair dyes under a trade name Rodol 42. 4-Amino-2-nitrophenol is formulated without an oxidizing agent. It is used in concentrations estimated at 0.1-1.0% in the "semi-permanent" hair dyes, which are applied as shampoos and remain on the hair for 20-40 minutes before they are rinsed out. Several toxicological studies suggested potential carcinogenicity and mutagenicity concerns for 4-Amino-2-nitrophenol.
Status:
Other
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)
Conditions:
4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone or nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK) is a tobacco-specific nitrosamine. NNK is considered to be a carcinogen. NNK induces deleterious mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppression genes by forming DNA adducts, which could be considered as tumor initiation. Meanwhile, the binding of NNK to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor promotes tumor growth by enhancing and deregulating cell proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion, thereby creating a microenvironment for tumor growth.
Status:
Other
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Targets:
Conditions:
Theaflavin is a black tea polyphenol, which possesses a wide variety of pharmacological properties including potent antioxidative, anti-apoptotic, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects. Theaflavin (TF-1) can bind to, and inhibit the purified 20S proteasome, accompanied by suppression of tumour cell proliferation, suggesting that the tumour proteasome is an important target whose inhibition is at least partially responsible for the anticancer effects of black tea. Theaflavin is a potent inhibitor of interleukin-8 gene expression in vitro. The proximal mechanism of this effect involves, in part, inhibition of IkappaB kinase activation and activator protein-1 pathway. Theaflavin has been known to possess neuroprotective effects against ischemia, Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.
