Ceftazidime is a semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, beta-lactam antibiotic, used especially for Pseudomonas and other gram-negative infections in debilitated patients. Ceftazidime is used to treat lower respiratory tract, skin, urinary tract, blood-stream, joint, and abdominal infections, and meningitis. The drug is given intravenously (IV) or intramuscularly (IM) every 8–12 hours (two or three times a day), with dose and frequency varying by the type of infection, severity, and/or renal function of the patient. Injectable formulations of ceftazidime are currently nebulized "off-label" to manage Cystic Fibrosis, non-Cystic Fibrosis bronchiectasis, drug-resistant nontuberculous mycobacterial infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and post-transplant airway infections. Ceftazidime is generally well-tolerated. When side effects do occur, they are most commonly local effects from the intravenous line site, allergic reactions, and gastrointestinal symptoms. According to one manufacturer, in clinical trials, allergic reactions including itching, rash, and fever, happened in fewer than 2% of patients. Rare but more serious allergic reactions, such as toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and erythema multiforme, have been reported with this class of antibiotics, including ceftazidime. Gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, were reported in fewer than 2% of patients.

Amdinocillin is a novel, semisynthetic penicillin effective against many gram-negative bacteria. The antibacterial activity of amdinocillin is derived from its ability to bind specifically and avidly to Penicillin Binding Protein-2 (PBP 2). Amdinocillin is active alone against many gram-negative organisms. Pseudomonas and non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria, however, are usually resistant. Amdinocillin, in combination with many beta-lactams, exhibits marked synergy against many enterobacteriaceae. No such synergy can be demonstrated for gram-positive organisms or pseudomonas species. Amdinocillin is not beta-lactamase stable. Organisms which produce high levels of plasma-mediated beta-lactamase are resistant to the drug. Used in the treatment of urinary tract infections caused by some strains of E. coli and klebsiella and enterobacter species. Used mainly against Gram negative organisms. Amdinocillin is not available in the United States.

Piperacillin is a semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, ampicillin derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic which exerts bactericidal activity by inhibiting septum formation and cell wall synthesis of susceptible bacteria. Piperacillin sodium salt is used in combination with the β-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam sodium (ZOSYN®) for the treatment of patients with moderate to severe infections caused by susceptible bacteria.

Cefaclor is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic for oral administration. As with other cephalosporins, the bactericidal action of Cefaclor results from inhibition of cell-wall synthesis. Cefaclor is indicated in the treatment of the following infections when caused by susceptible strains of the designated microorganisms: Otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, staphylococci, and Streptococcus pyogenes; Lower respiratory tract infections, including pneumonia, caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pyogenes; Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis, caused by Streptococcus pyogenes; Urinary tract infections, including pyelonephritis and cystitis, caused by Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella spp., and coagulase-negative staphylococci; Skin and skin structure infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. Adverse effects considered to be related to therapy with cefaclor are: Hypersensitivity reactions, Rarely, reversible hyperactivity, agitation, nervousness, insomnia, confusion, hypertonia, dizziness, hallucinations, somnolence and diarrhea. Patients receiving Cefaclor may show a false-positive reaction for glucose in the urine with tests that use Benedict's and Fehling's solutions and also with Clinitest® tablets. There have been reports of increased anticoagulant effect when Cefaclor and oral anticoagulants were administered concomitantly.

Cefadroxil is a new semisynthetic cephalosporin with a broad antibacterial spectrum and a high chemotherapeutic potential when administered orally. Many studies have established the efficacy of the administration of once- or twice-daily cefadroxil in the management of infections in the respiratory tract, urinary tract, skin and soft tissues, and bones and joints.

Amoxicillin is one of the widely prescribed antibacterial agents, which was discovered by scientists at Beecham Research Laboratories in 1972. In the US GlaxoSmithKline markets it under the original brand name Amoxil. It is the first line treatment for middle ear infections. It is also used for strep throat, pneumonia, skin infections, and urinary tract infections it is taken by mouth. Amoxicillin inhibits the third and final stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis by preferentially binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) that are located inside the bacterial cell wall. This results in a formation of defective cell wall and a cell death. Common side effects include nausea and rash. It may also increase the risk of yeast infections and, when used in combination with clavulanic acid, diarrhea. It should not be used in those who are allergic to penicillin.

Minocycline is a tetracycline analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant staphylococcus infections. Minocycline has many brand names one of them is minocin, Minocin is indicated in the treatment of the following infections due to susceptible isolates of the designated bacteria: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus fever and the typhus group, Q fever, rickettsialpox and tick fevers caused by rickettsiae. Respiratory tract infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Lymphogranuloma venereum caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Psittacosis (Ornithosis) due to Chlamydophila psittaci etc. Minocycline is indicated for the treatment of infections caused by the following Gram-negative bacteria when bacteriologic testing indicates appropriate susceptibility to the drug: Escherichia coli. Enterobacter aerogenes. Shigella species etc. MINOCIN also is indicated for the treatment of infections caused by the following Gram-positive bacteria when bacteriologic testing indicates appropriate susceptibility to the drug: Upper respiratory tract infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Skin and skin structure infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus (Note: Minocycline is not the drug of choice in the treatment of any type of staphylococcal infection, etc. When penicillin is contraindicated, minocycline is an alternative drug in the treatment of the following infections: Meningitis due to Neisseria meningitidis. Syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. Yaws caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue, etc. Minocycline passes directly through the lipid bilayer or passively diffuses through porin channels in the bacterial membrane. Minocycline inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 30S and possibly 50S ribosomal subunits of susceptible bacteria.

Doxycycline hyclate (Vibramycin, Periostat, Vibra-Tabs) is salt of tetracycline antibiotic Doxycycline, that used to treat many kinds of infections, like dental, skin, respiratory, and urinary tract infections. It also treats acne, Lyme disease, malaria, and certain sexually transmitted diseases. Doxycycline hyclate is a light-yellow crystalline powder which is soluble in water, while doxycycline monohydrate is very slightly soluble in water. Doxycycline is bacteriostatic, inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis due to disruption of transfer RNA and messenger RNA at ribosomal sites. Doxycycline hyclate is indicated for use in the treatment of chronic adult periodontitis for a gain in clinical attachment, reduction in probing depth, and reduction in bleeding on probing.

Ampicillin is a penicillin beta-lactam antibiotic. The following gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria have been shown in in vitro studies to be susceptible to ampicillin: Hemolytic and nonhemolytic streptococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Nonpenicillinase-producing staphylococci, Clostridium spp., B. anthracis, Listeria monocytogenes, most strains of enterococci, H. influenzae, N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis, Proteus mirabilis, many strains of Salmonella, Shigella, and E. coli. Ampicillin is indicated in the treatment of bacterial meningitis, septicemia, endocarditis, urinary tract, gastrointestinal, respiratory tract infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated organisms.

Ampicillin is a penicillin beta-lactam antibiotic. The following gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria have been shown in in vitro studies to be susceptible to ampicillin: Hemolytic and nonhemolytic streptococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Nonpenicillinase-producing staphylococci, Clostridium spp., B. anthracis, Listeria monocytogenes, most strains of enterococci, H. influenzae, N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis, Proteus mirabilis, many strains of Salmonella, Shigella, and E. coli. Ampicillin is indicated in the treatment of bacterial meningitis, septicemia, endocarditis, urinary tract, gastrointestinal, respiratory tract infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated organisms.