Desmopressin is a chemical that is similar to Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), which is found naturally in the body and is produced by the hypothalamus and stored, in the posterior pituitary gland. The main function of ADH is to regulate extracellular fluid volume in the body. ADH secretion is stimulated by angiotensin II, linking it to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). ADH stimulates water reabsorption in the kidneys by causing the insertion of aquaporin-2 channels on the apical surface of cells of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting tubules. Desmopressin also causes vasoconstriction through its action on vascular smooth muscle cells of the collecting tubules. It increases urine concentration and decreases urine production. Acetate salt of desmopressin is sold under brand name DDAVP with different formulations: DDAVP Nasal Spray is indicated as antidiuretic replacement therapy in the management of central cranial diabetes insipidus and for management of the temporary polyuria and polydipsia following head trauma or surgery in the pituitary region. It is ineffective for the treatment of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. DDAVP Injection is indicated for patients with hemophilia A with factor VIII coagulant activity levels greater than 5% and is indicated for patients with mild to moderate classic von Willebrand’s disease (Type I) with factor VIII levels greater than 5%. It was suggested that desmopressin-induced relaxation was mediated by a receptor subtype sharing both V1A and V2 pharmacological profiles.

Diflorasone is a topical corticosteroid used to treat itching and inflammation of the skin. Topical corticosteroids share anti-inflammatory, antipruritic and vasoconstrictive actions. The mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity of the topical corticosteroids is unclear. Various laboratory methods, including vasoconstrictor assays, are used to compare and predict potencies and/or clinical efficacies of the topical corticosteroids. There is some evidence to suggest that a recognizable correlation exists between vasoconstrictor potency and therapeutic efficacy in man. The extent of percutaneous absorption of topical corticosteroids is determined by many factors including the vehicle, the integrity of the epidermal barrier, and the use of occlusive dressings. Topical corticosteroids can be absorbed from normal intact skin. Inflammation and/or other disease processes in the skin increase percutaneous absorption. Occlusive dressings substantially increase the percutaneous absorption of topical corticosteroids. Thus, occlusive dressings may be a valuable therapeutic adjunct for treatment of resistant dermatoses. Once absorbed through the skin, topical corticosteroids are handled through pharmacokinetic pathways similar to systemically administered corticosteroids. Corticosteroids are bound to plasma proteins in varying degrees. They are metabolized primarily in the liver and are then excreted by the kidneys. Some of the topical corticosteroids and their metabolites are also excreted into the bile.

Etynodiol (used in a form of diacetate) is a steroid that was used as a contraceptive drug. Etynodiol diacetate and etynodiol are rapidly metabolized to an active metabolite, norethisterone, which binds to progesterone receptor and modulates its activity.

Tetraamminecopper sulfate is a dark blue crystalline solid with a faint odor of ammonia. The primary hazard is the threat to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment. Used as a pesticide and fungicide, to print fabrics (especially in calico finishing), and to make other copper compounds.

Acetic acid (a component of vinagre) is used in medicine for the treatment of otitis externa caused by bacterial infections. The solution containing acetic acid was approved by FDA.

Acetic acid (a component of vinagre) is used in medicine for the treatment of otitis externa caused by bacterial infections. The solution containing acetic acid was approved by FDA.