Glyceryl 1-phosphate,(S)- or glycerol-1-phosphate is a glycerophosphate backbone of the archeal ether lipids. It results from the reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate using NADH (or NADPH) and divalent ions as cofactors. Two different enzymes carry out the condensation of the isoprenoid chains to the glycerophosphate backbone in archea. The first ether linkage that brings together glycerol-1-phosphate and geranylgeranyl diphosphate is catalyzed by a cytoplasmic protein geranylgeranylglyceryl diphosphate (GGGP) synthase.

Glucose-6-phosphate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. It lies at the start of two major metabolic pathways: glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. It is a glucose-6-phosphatase substrate. Hexokinase is inhibited by its product, glucose 6-phosphate. The non-enzymatic glycation of myosin by glucose 6-phosphate is probably the primary cause for the observed loss of the ATPase activity of myosin.

Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, P5P) is a coenzyme, the active form of vitamin B6. Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) is used as a cofactor for a wide range of enzymes including mitochondrial cysteine desulfurase, cystathionine γ-synthase (CGS), ornithine 4,5-aminomutase (OAM), and d-serine dehydratase. The versatility of PLP arises from its ability to covalently bind the substrate, and then to act as an electrophilic catalyst, thereby stabilizing different types of carbanionic reaction intermediates. PLP acts as a coenzyme in all transamination reactions, in various beta-elimination reactions, in the condensation reaction in heme synthesis.