Minodronic acid (RECALBON®, Bonoteo®), a third-generation bisphosphonate, was approved in Japan for the oral treatment of osteoporosis. This drug increases the bone mineral density and the strength by inhibiting osteoclastic bone resorption. Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates, such as minodronic acid (RECALBON®, Bonoteo®) induce osteoclast apoptosis by inhibiting farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), a key enzyme in the mevalonate pathway. Inhibition of FPPS in osteoclasts prevents the biosynthesis of isoprenoid lipids that are required for the prenylation of small GTPase signaling proteins necessary for osteoclast function. Similarly, nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates have been shown to inhibit farnesyl pyrophosphate/geranyl pyrophosphate synthase activity.

Tolfenamic acid is a selective COX-2 inhibitor, which was marketed in Europe for the treatment of acute migraine disorders. Tolfenamic acid is currently unavailable for human use, however, it may be prescribed for veterinary purposes.

Romurtide (Muroctasin) is a non-specific immune stimulant derived from muramyl dipeptide, which is obtained from gram-positive bacterial cell walls. Muroctasin stimulates macrophages, which release interleukin-l, which in turn increases production of colony-stimulating factors; muroctasin also evokes an increased production of neutrophils. It is used in Japan for chemotherapy-induced leukopenia.

Denopamine is a selective agonist of beta-1 adrenergic receptor. The drug was approved in Japan under the name Kalgut for the treatment of chronic heart failure.

Salvianolic acid B is a bioactive molecule isolated from Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae. The compound shows high antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. It is a major component of the commercial Fufang Danshen products (Compound Danshen Dripping Pill, the Danshen Pian, and the Danshen Injection, ICP), used for the treatment of angina pectoris, and other heart diseases.

Taurocholic acid is a bile acid and is the product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. Taurocholic acid, as with all bile acids, acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic (a bile purging agent). Hydrolysis of taurocholic acid yields taurine, a nonessential amino acid. Taurocholic acid is one of the main components of urinary nonsulfated bile acids in biliary atresia. Raised levels of the bile acid taurocholate in the fetal serum in obstetric cholestasis may result in the development of a fetal dysrhythmia and in sudden intra-uterine death. In medical use, it is administered as a cholagogue and choleretic. Taurocholic acid is a potent TGR5 ligand, and in dogs, colonic perfusion with TCA induces PYY secretion. TCA enemas could stimulate GLP-1 and PYY secretion in obese patients with type 2 diabetes receiving the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, sitagliptin. Satiogen Pharmaceuticals is developing rectally administered taurocholic acid, a bile acid, for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Ingavirin is pentanedioic acid imidazolyl ethanamide used for the treatment of Influenza and Common Cold in Russia and some other countries. The mechanism of action is implemented at the level of infected cells due to the stimulation of innate immunity factors suppressed by viral proteins. The drug causes an increase in the content of interferon in the blood to the physiological norm, stimulates and normalizes the reduced α-interferon-producing ability of blood leukocytes, stimulates the γ-interferon-producing ability of leukocytes.

Hippuric Acid is an acyl glycine produced by the conjugation of benzoic acid and glycine, found as a normal component in urine as a metabolite of aromatic compounds from food. Increased urine hippuric acid content may have antibacterial effects. Hippuric Acid is used therapeutically in the form of its salts (hippurates of calcium and ammonium). It is an ingredient of FDA-approved drug Hiprex (methenamine hippurate tablets USP). Each yellow capsule-shaped tablet of Hiprex contains 1 g Methenamine Hippurate which is the Hippuric Acid Salt of Methenamine (hexamethylene tetramine). The tablet also contains inactive ingredients. Hiprex (methenamine hippurate tablets USP) has antibacterial activity because the methenamine component is hydrolyzed to formaldehyde in acid urine. Hippuric acid has some antibacterial activity and also acts to keep the urine acid. The drug is generally active against E. coli, enterococci and staphylococci. Enterobacter aerogenes is generally resistant. The urine must be kept sufficiently acid for urea-splitting organisms such as Proteus and Pseudomonas to be inhibited. Hiprex is indicated for prophylactic or suppressive treatment of frequently recurring urinary tract infections when long-term therapy is considered necessary.

Tetragalacturonic acid hydroxymethylester belongs to local hemostatics. It is an antihemorrhagic agent.

Xemilofiban [SC 54684, SC 54684A (HCl), xemlofiban], an orally active antiplatelet agent, is a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist. This drug was in a phase III clinical trial in the US and Europe for the treatment of thrombosis in patients with unstable angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction undergoing angioplasty. Because of insufficient evidence of efficacy and concerns about safety over this long of a period of treatment, these trials didn’t get the market approval. In Japan, Sankyo discontinued the development of xemilofiban for thrombosis at phase II following Searle's decision to drop the project.