Iodipamide is used as a contrast agent for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography. Following intravenous administration of Cholografin Meglumine, iodipamide is carried to the liver where it is rapidly secreted. The contrast medium appears in the bile within 10 to 15 minutes after injection, thus permitting visualization of the hepatic and common bile ducts, even in cholecystectomized patients. Iodipamide (Cholografin Meglumine) is indicated for intravenous cholangiography and cholecystography as follows: (a) visualization of the gallbladder and biliary ducts in the differential diagnosis of acute abdominal conditions, (b) visualization of the biliary ducts, especially in patients with symptoms after cholecystectomy, and (c) visualization of the gallbladder in patients unable to take oral contrast media or to absorb contrast media from the gastrointestinal tract. The biliary ducts are readily visualized within about 25 minutes after administration, except in patients with impaired liver function. The gallbladder begins to fill within an hour after injection; maximum filling is reached after two to two and one-half hours. Organic iodine compounds block x-rays as they pass through the body, thereby allowing body structures containing iodine to be delineated in contrast to those structures that do not contain iodine. The degree of opacity produced by these iodinated organic compounds is directly proportional to the total amount (concentration and volume) of the iodinated contrast agent in the path of the x-rays. Iodipamide's primary excretion through the hepato-biliary system and concentration in bile allows visualization of the gallbladder and biliary ducts.

Aminopentamide is a potent antispasmodic agent. As a cholinergic blocking agent for smooth muscle, its action is similar to atropine. Aminopentamide hydrogen sulfate is marketed under the brand name Centrine indicated in the treatment of acute abdominal visceral spasm, pylorospasm or hypertrophic gastritis and associated nausea, vomiting and/or diarrhea of the dogs and cats. Centrine effectively reduces the tone and amplitude of colonic contractions to a greater degree and for a more extended period than does atropine. Centrine effects a reduction in gastric secretion, a decrease in gastric acidity and a marked decrease in gastric motility. Aminopentamide is a nonselective muscarinic cholinergic .

Acetrizoic acid (trade names Gastrografina, Urografina in Portugal) is a palatable lemon-flavored water-soluble iodinated radiopaque X-ray contrast medium for oral or rectal administration only. Acetrizoic acid is indicated for radiographic examination of segments of the gastrointestinal tract (esophagus, stomach, proximal small intestine, and colon). The preparation is particularly indicated when a more viscous agent such as barium sulfate, which is not water-soluble, is not feasible or is potentially dangerous. Administration of hypertonic Gastrografin solutions may lead to hypovolemia and hypotension due to fluid loss from the intestine.

Racemorphan is racemic mixture of an antitussive and dissociative hallucinogen Dextrorphan and an opioid analgesic Levorphanol. Racemorphan itself is under international control per the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961 and is therefore listed as a Schedule II Narcotic controlled substance.

STANOLONE, also known as dihydrotestosterone, is a potent androgenic metabolite of testosterone and anabolic agent for systemic use. It may be used as a replacement of male sex steroids in men who have androgen deficiency, for example as a result of the loss of both testes, and also the treatment of certain rare forms of aplastic anemia which are or may be responsive to anabolic androgens.

Quercetin is a unique bioflavonoid that has been extensively studied by researchers over the past 30 years. Quercetin, the most abundant of the flavonoids (the name comes from the Latin –quercetum, meaning oak forest, quercus oak) consists of 3 rings and 5 hydroxyl groups. Quercetin is a member of the class of flavonoids called flavonoles and forms the backbone for many other flavonoids including the citrus flavonoids like rutin, hesperidins, Naringenin and tangeritin. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom in rinds and barks. The best described property of Quercetin is its ability to act as antioxidant. Quercetin seems to be the most powerful flavonoids for protecting the body against reactive oxygen species, produced during the normal oxygen metabolism or are induced by exogenous damage [9, 10]. One of the most important mechanisms and the sequence of events by which free radicals interfere with the cellular functions seem to be the lipid peroxidation leading eventually the cell death. To protect this cellular death to happen from reactive oxygen species, living organisms have developed antioxidant line of defense systems [11]. These include enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants that keep in check ROS/RNS level and repair oxidative cellular damage. The major enzymes, constituting the first line of defence, directly involved in the neutralization of ROS/RNS are: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) The second line of defence is represented by radical scavenging antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin A and plant phytochemicals including quercetin that inhibit the oxidation chain initiation and prevent chain propagation. This may also include the termination of a chain by the reaction of two radicals. The repair and de novo enzymes act as the third line of defence by repairing damage and reconstituting membranes. These include lipases, proteases, DNA repair enzymes and transferases. Quercetin is a specific quinone reductase 2 (QR2) inhibitor, an enzyme (along with the human QR1 homolog) which catalyzes metabolism of toxic quinolines. Inhibition of QR2 in plasmodium may potentially cause lethal oxidative stress. The inhibition of antioxidant activity in plasmodium may contribute to killing the malaria causing parasites.

Ethopropazine is an anticholinergic drug. Ethopropazine is an inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase and non-selective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. Ethopropazine has been used for the treatment of parkinsonism and drug-induced extrapyramidal reactions. Also It used for the symptomatic treatment of hepatolenticular degeneration and congenital athetosis.

Aminopentamide is a potent antispasmodic agent. As a cholinergic blocking agent for smooth muscle, its action is similar to atropine. Aminopentamide hydrogen sulfate is marketed under the brand name Centrine indicated in the treatment of acute abdominal visceral spasm, pylorospasm or hypertrophic gastritis and associated nausea, vomiting and/or diarrhea of the dogs and cats. Centrine effectively reduces the tone and amplitude of colonic contractions to a greater degree and for a more extended period than does atropine. Centrine effects a reduction in gastric secretion, a decrease in gastric acidity and a marked decrease in gastric motility. Aminopentamide is a nonselective muscarinic cholinergic .

Aminopentamide is a potent antispasmodic agent. As a cholinergic blocking agent for smooth muscle, its action is similar to atropine. Aminopentamide hydrogen sulfate is marketed under the brand name Centrine indicated in the treatment of acute abdominal visceral spasm, pylorospasm or hypertrophic gastritis and associated nausea, vomiting and/or diarrhea of the dogs and cats. Centrine effectively reduces the tone and amplitude of colonic contractions to a greater degree and for a more extended period than does atropine. Centrine effects a reduction in gastric secretion, a decrease in gastric acidity and a marked decrease in gastric motility. Aminopentamide is a nonselective muscarinic cholinergic .

Racemorphan is racemic mixture of an antitussive and dissociative hallucinogen Dextrorphan and an opioid analgesic Levorphanol. Racemorphan itself is under international control per the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961 and is therefore listed as a Schedule II Narcotic controlled substance.