Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, P5P) is a coenzyme, the active form of vitamin B6. Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) is used as a cofactor for a wide range of enzymes including mitochondrial cysteine desulfurase, cystathionine γ-synthase (CGS), ornithine 4,5-aminomutase (OAM), and d-serine dehydratase. The versatility of PLP arises from its ability to covalently bind the substrate, and then to act as an electrophilic catalyst, thereby stabilizing different types of carbanionic reaction intermediates. PLP acts as a coenzyme in all transamination reactions, in various beta-elimination reactions, in the condensation reaction in heme synthesis.

NADIDE (NAD+) is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. NADIDE was marketed under the brand name Enada. Although Enada (NADH) is marketed as a nutritional supplement, Birkmayer Pharmaceuticals has launched two clinical trials to prove scientifically that Enada is effective. Before these studies could get started they had to also prove to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that the stable oral form of Enada (NADH) is a safe substance. Since the mid-‘80s more than 3,000 parkinsonian patients have received NADH, either as intravenous infusion or in the form of oral tablets. Enada (NADH) is the world‘s first and only stabilized, absorbable, patented, tablet-form NADH dietary supplement. It is now available to everyone whose lifestyle demands increased energy, vitality and mental clarity. In other words, it is beneficial not only for patients suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome, Alzheimer‘s disease, depression or Parkinson‘s disease, but for any normal, healthy individual whose lifestyle demands more energy. NADIDE (NADH) may be considered as a therapeutic adjunct for cancer patients to protect them against the general toxic effects of substances such as doxorubicin or cisplatin by stimulating the DNA repair system and by promoting normal cellular biosynthetic responses after chemotherapy. NADH seems to exhibit a chemo preventive effect.

NADIDE (NAD+) is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. NADIDE was marketed under the brand name Enada. Although Enada (NADH) is marketed as a nutritional supplement, Birkmayer Pharmaceuticals has launched two clinical trials to prove scientifically that Enada is effective. Before these studies could get started they had to also prove to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that the stable oral form of Enada (NADH) is a safe substance. Since the mid-‘80s more than 3,000 parkinsonian patients have received NADH, either as intravenous infusion or in the form of oral tablets. Enada (NADH) is the world‘s first and only stabilized, absorbable, patented, tablet-form NADH dietary supplement. It is now available to everyone whose lifestyle demands increased energy, vitality and mental clarity. In other words, it is beneficial not only for patients suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome, Alzheimer‘s disease, depression or Parkinson‘s disease, but for any normal, healthy individual whose lifestyle demands more energy. NADIDE (NADH) may be considered as a therapeutic adjunct for cancer patients to protect them against the general toxic effects of substances such as doxorubicin or cisplatin by stimulating the DNA repair system and by promoting normal cellular biosynthetic responses after chemotherapy. NADH seems to exhibit a chemo preventive effect.

NADIDE (NAD+) is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. NADIDE was marketed under the brand name Enada. Although Enada (NADH) is marketed as a nutritional supplement, Birkmayer Pharmaceuticals has launched two clinical trials to prove scientifically that Enada is effective. Before these studies could get started they had to also prove to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that the stable oral form of Enada (NADH) is a safe substance. Since the mid-‘80s more than 3,000 parkinsonian patients have received NADH, either as intravenous infusion or in the form of oral tablets. Enada (NADH) is the world‘s first and only stabilized, absorbable, patented, tablet-form NADH dietary supplement. It is now available to everyone whose lifestyle demands increased energy, vitality and mental clarity. In other words, it is beneficial not only for patients suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome, Alzheimer‘s disease, depression or Parkinson‘s disease, but for any normal, healthy individual whose lifestyle demands more energy. NADIDE (NADH) may be considered as a therapeutic adjunct for cancer patients to protect them against the general toxic effects of substances such as doxorubicin or cisplatin by stimulating the DNA repair system and by promoting normal cellular biosynthetic responses after chemotherapy. NADH seems to exhibit a chemo preventive effect.

Tilmicosin is a macrolide antibiotic was prepared by chemical modifications of desmycosin, and is used in veterinary. It is recommended for treatment and prevention of pneumonia in cattle, sheep and pigs, associated with Pasteurella haemolytica, P. multocida, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, mycoplasma species and other microorganisms found sensitive to this compound. Tilmicosin belongs to 16-membered ring group of class macrolides. The antimicrobial mechanism seems to be the same for all of the macrolides. They interfere with protein synthesis by reversibly binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome. They appear to bind at the donor site, thus preventing the translocation necessary to keep the peptide chain growing. The effect is essentially confined to rapidly dividing bacteria and mycoplasmas. Macrolides are regarded as being bacteriostatic but demonstrate bactericidal activity at high concentrations.

The cationic surfactant, stearamidoethyl diethylamine (SD) is an emulsifier used in topical medications and cosmetics. Stearamidoethyl Diethylamine is an ingredient found in a variety of cosmetics and personal care products, primarily in shampoos and other hair care formulas, as an emulsifier, anti-static agent, and hair conditioner. It has been reported to cause allergic contact dermatitis.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Adenosine triphosphate is the energy source in living cells. In physiological conditions, the average concentration varies from 3150 mM in mammalian cells to 1500–1900 mM in human blood cells. Extracellular adenosine and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are involved in biological processes including neurotransmission, muscle contraction, cardiac function, platelet function, vasodilatation, signal transduction and secretion in a variety of cell types. A large family of membrane-bound receptors mediates cell signalling by ATP and adenosine. These purinergic receptors ultimately determine the variety of effects induced by extracellular ATP and adenosine. ATP and adenosine have strong negative chronotropic and dromotropic effects on the mammalian heart. The sensitivity of the sinus node and the atrioventricular node to ATP and adenosine manifests pronounced variability among species. For more than three decades, ATP has been used routinely in Europe in the acute therapy of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. ATPace™, an injectable formulation of adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP), was developed by Cordex Pharma, Inc. (Cordex) as a diagnostic and therapeutic drug for the management of cardiac bradyarrhythmias. Extracellular ATP exerts multiple effects in various cell types by activating cell-surface receptors known as P2 receptors. In the heart, ATP suppresses the automaticity of cardiac pacemakers and atrioventricular (AV) nodal conduction via adenosine, the product of its degradation by ecto-enzymes, as well as by triggering a cardio-cardiac vagal reflex. ATP, given as a rapid intravenous bolus injection, has been used since the late 1940s as a highly effective and safe therapeutic agent for the acute termination of reentrant paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) involving the AV node. In addition, preliminary studies have shown that ATP can also be used as a diagnostic agent for the identification of several cardiac disorders including sinus node dysfunction (sick sinus syndrome), dual AV nodal pathways, long QT syndrome, and bradycardic syncope. The US Food and Drug Administration has approved Cordex formulation for ATP as an Investigational New Drug and two pathways for its marketing approval; one therapeutic, i.e., acute termination of paroxysmal PSVT, and the other diagnostic, i.e., the identification of patients with bradycardic syncope who can benefit from pacemaker therapy. However later ATPace development for the treatment of bradycardia and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia was discontinued.

Tylosin (trade names Tylocine, Tylan) is a bacteriostat feed additive used in veterinary medicine. It has a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive organisms and a limited range of Gram-negative organisms. It is found naturally as a fermentation product of Streptomyces fradiae. It is a macrolide antibiotic. Tylosin is used in veterinary medicine to treat bacterial infections in a wide range of species and has a high margin of safety. Tylosin is certified by the FDA but is only approved for use in livestock such as cattle, chickens, swine, and turkeys. The FDA has prohibited the use of tylosin in dogs and cats, except where it is specifically prescribed by a veterinarian. Tylosin has a bacteriostatic effect on susceptible organisms, caused by inhibition of protein synthesis through binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome.

Toceranib (toceranib phosphate) is an orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor that blocks a variety of RTKs, including VEGFR2, PDGFRa and KIT. In non-clinical pharmacology studies, toceranib selectively inhibited the tyrosine kinase activity of several members of the split kinase receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family, some of which are implicated in tumor growth, pathologic angiogenesis, and metastatic progression of cancer. Toceranib inhibited the activity of Flk-1/KDR tyrosine kinase (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, VEGFR2), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), and stem cell factor receptor (Kit) in both biochemical and cellular assays. Toceranib has been shown to exert an antiproliferative effect on endothelial cells in vitro. Toceranib treatment can induce cell cycle arrest and subsequent apoptosis in tumor cell lines expressing activating mutations in the split kinase RTK, ckit. Canine mast cell tumor growth is frequently driven by activating mutations in c-kit. Toceranib is a dog-specific anti-cancer drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. It is marketed as Palladia as its phosphate salt, toceranib phosphate by Pfizer. PALLADIA (Toceranib) tablets are indicated for the treatment of Patnaik grade II or III, recurrent, cutaneous mast cell tumors with or without regional lymph node involvement in dogs.

Adenine is a nucleobase (a purine derivative). Its derivatives have a variety of roles in biochemistry including cellular respiration, in the form of both the energy-rich adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). It also has functions in protein synthesis and as a chemical component of DNA and RNA. The shape of adenine is complementary to either thymine in DNA or uracil in RNA