Sorbitan monooleate (Span 80) is a partial oleate ester of sorbitol and its mono- and dianhydrides. Sorbitan Monooleate is a nonionic emulsifier and surfactant and used in cosmetics and foods. It is a food additive with the E number E495. Span 80 was suitable as surfactant in the preparation of Poly(divinylbenzene) emulsion-derived (PolyHIPE) solid foam. Anionic nanoparticles based on Span 80 as low-cost, simple and efficient non-viral gene-transfection systems. Sorbitan monooleate is approved by FDA to be used as an emulsifier in polymer dispersions that are used in the clarification of cane or beet sugar juice or liquor in an amount not to exceed 7.5 percent by weight in the final polymer dispersion. The additive is used in an amount not to exceed 0.70 part per million in sugar juice and 1.4 parts per million in sugar liquor.

Proline (L-Proline) is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins. Proline is a non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. Proline is used in pharmaceuticals as an excipient and as an active substance in nutritional supplements. Proline is not commonly used in pharmaceuticals as an excipient. It is approved for use in Privigen (IVIg) and Hizentra (SCIg) solution for injection as a stabiliser for IgG. Proline is also contained in low amounts in several vaccines, e.g. Havrix 720 Kinder (Hepatitis A).

Capric acid (decanoic acid) is a medium-chain fatty acid found in saturated fats (cow butter, and plant oils like coconut oil). Capric acid is a major constituent of the MCT ketogenic diet, providing about 40% of the medium chain fat within the diet. The acid is discussed to have positive effect on seizure control through direct AMPA receptor inhibition and on mitochondrial diseases through the binding to PPARgamma. It readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, probably by a combination of diffusion and saturable carrier-mediated transport via a medium-chain fatty acid transporter.

Ethyl acetate is a widely used synthetic solvent. It is used in cosmetics and considered to be safe. Ethyl acetate is cited as a direct and indirect food additive as detailed in the Code of Federal Regulations. Ethyl acetate is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use as a synthetic flavor and/or adjuvant; limitations on concentrations of use were not specified. Ethyl acetate was tested for in vitro in human breast cancer cell line and demonstrated considerable cytotoxicity.

Tocophersolan (Vedrop, tocofersolan) or d-alpha-Tocopheryl Polyethylene Glycol 1000 Succinate (TPGS) is a watersoluble derivative of the natural active (d-alpha) isomer of vitamin E. The active constituent of the medicinal product is essentially vitamin E (alpha tocopherol). Chronic congenital or hereditary cholestasis is a clinical condition where vitamin E deficiency results from an impaired bile secretion. Decreased intestinal absorption observed in chronic congenital or hereditary cholestatic patients is due to decreased bile secretion and the resulting decrease in intestinal cellular absorption. As a result, fatsoluble vitamins (i.e. vit. E) are not absorbed properly and deficiency can occur. Tocophersolan (Vedrop) is used to treat or prevent vitamin E deficiency (low vitamin E levels). It is used in children up to the age of 18 years who have congenital or hereditary chronic cholestasis and who cannot absorb vitamin E from the gut. Tocophersolan (Tocofersolan) can be absorbed from the gut in children who have difficulty absorbing fats and vitamin E from the diet. This can increase vitamin E levels in the blood and help to prevent neurological deterioration (problems in the nervous system) due to vitamin E deficiency. No treatment-related findings were reported, as all clinical observations and findings at autopsy were similar in treatment and control groups. In many of the studies, the LD50 was not determined as tocofersolan was well tolerated.

Propyl Gallate is the n-propyl ester of gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid). It is soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, oil, lard, and aqueous solutions of polyethylene glycol (PEG) ethers of cetyl alcohol, but only slightly soluble in water. Propyl Gallate currently is used as an antioxidant in a reported 167 cosmetic products at maximum concentrations of 0.1%. Propyl Gallate is a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) antioxidant to protect fats, oils, and fat-containing food from rancidity that results from the formation of peroxides. The biological activity of Propyl Gallate is consistent with its free-radical scavenging ability, with effects that include antimicrobial activity, enzyme inhibition, inhibition of biosynthetic processes, inhibition of the formation of nitrosamines, anesthesia, inhibition of neuromuscular response to chemicals, ionizing/ultraviolet (UV) radiation protection, chemoprotection, antimutagenesis, anticarcinogenesis and antitumorigenesis, antiteratogenesis, and anticariogenesis. Propyl gallate has being shown to be a hepatoprotector in vitro and in vivo.

Ethyl vanillin is an important food additive and flavouring agent approved by FAO/WHO, has a vanilla odor four times that of vanillin and shows anti-mutagenic activity. It is used as flavoring agent and/or as an additive by the food, cosmetic, or pharmaceutic industries. Ethyl vanillin possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The antioxidant activity of ethyl vanillin was much stronger than that of vanillin in the oxidative hemolysis inhibition assay, but was the same as that of vanillin in the ORAC assay. Oral administration of ethyl vanillin to mice increased the concentration of ethyl vanillic acid, and effectively raised antioxidant activity in the plasma as compared to the effect of vanillin. The antioxidant activity of ethyl vanillin might be more beneficial than has been thought in daily health practice. The anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive properties of EVA are based on its suppressive effect on the production of nitric oxide possibly via decreasing the reactive oxygen species level.