Psilocybin is a naturally occurring psychedelic prodrug compound produced by more than 200 species of mushrooms, collectively known as psilocybin mushrooms. Once ingested, psilocybin is rapidly metabolized to the psilocin, which then acts on serotonin receptors in the brain. Psilocybin was identified as the active hallucinogenic compound in magic mushrooms in 1959, but humans have used assorted psilocybin mushrooms in religious ceremonies since prehistoric times. In the 1960's psilocybin was marketed for use as a treatment for various psychoses, however, it was withdrawn from the market when the regulatory environment changed. Recently there has been as renewed interest in studying the medicinal uses of psilocybin for treatment of anxiety, depression, migraine headaches, addictions, and other neuropsychiatric conditions.

Tilapertin (also known as AMG 747) is a piperazineacetic acid derivative patented by Amgen Inc as glycine transporter-1 inhibitor useful for the treatment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Oral administration of AMG 747 dose-dependently increases cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) glycine concentration in rats. In humans, Tilapertin has linear pharmacokinetics, prolonged half-life, and acceptable safety and tolerability at multiple doses up to 60 mg daily dosing. Unfortunately, in clinical trials, Tilapertin failed to demonstrate superior efficacy compare antipsychotic therapy in clinically stable people with schizophrenia.

Tefinostat (also known as CHR-2845) was developed as an innovative oral HDAC (histone deacetylase) inhibitor that selectively targets macrophages and monocytes – central cells of the innate immune system. Chroma Therapeutics develops tefinostat for the treatment of hematological and lymphoid malignancies. In addition, the drug is under investigation in clinical trial phase I/II for cancer-associated inflammation in hepatocellular carcinoma. The aim of this study is to find the best dose of the drug without causing side effects. Besides, Phase II of clinical trial ‘MONOCLE’ study for the treatment of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) has been initiated and the first patient has been recruited.

Canosimibe is diphenyl azetidinone patented by German pharmaceutical company Aventis Pharma Deutschland GmbH as hypolipidemic agent. Canosimibe acts as pre-systemic inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption. Unfortunately, during phase II clinical trials Canosimibe failed to demonstrate efficacy in in patients with primary severe hypercholesterolemia.

Sulverapride is a methylsulfamoylbenzamide derivative patented by Societe d'Etudes Scientifiques et Industrielles de l'Ile-de-France for the treatment of lower urinary tract disorders

ITAMELINE, a tetrahydropyridine-oxime, is a long-lasting cholinomimetic agent. It is cleaved in vivo to form an active metabolite, RU 35963, a muscarinic receptor agonist that is nonselective with respect to receptor subtypes.