Alanyl-glutamine is a widely used alternative supplement to L-glutamine in the production of biopharmaceuticals. The primary advantage of using L-alanyl-glutamine in place of L-glutamine is that it reduces the level of ammonia generated during cell culture. L-alanyl glutamine also acts as an antioxidant (peroxide) and anti-apoptosis (LPS-induced) factor. Ala-Glu may be used in cell culture and insect cell culture applications. It can be used in studies on injury and sepsis, and in the effects of irradiation on leucine and protein metabolism in vivo. Alanyl-glutamine is used as dipeptide infusion solution, which is given as part of parenteral and/or enteral nutritional therapy. When the intake of nutrients or food into the mouth or directly into the gut is not possible or it is not enough to supply the body’s needs then nutrients or foods can be given intravenously or through the gastrointestinal tract or a combination of both. This is especially important for people whose bodies are under physical stress from illness or recent surgery. During illness or after surgery the body requires nutrition or food. Amino acids are the building blocks used by the body to make proteins. Dipeptiven is usually given as a supplement to amino acid solutions or an amino acid containing infusion regimen as part of complete nutritional support.

Lauric acid, or dodecanoic acid, is the main acid in coconut oil and in palm kernel oil, and is believed to have antimicrobial properties. The detected values of half maximal effective concentration (EC(50)) of lauric acid on P. acnes, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis growth indicate that P. acnes is the most sensitive to lauric acid among these bacteria. In addition, lauric acid did not induce cytotoxicity to human sebocytes. This data highlight the potential of using lauric acid as an alternative treatment for antibiotic therapy of acne vulgaris. Lauric acid is used in the manufacture of soaps, detergents, cosmetics, and lauryl alcohol.

Citronellol or beta-citronellol is a naturally occurring monoterpene compound prevalent in essential oils of various aromatic plant species, such as Cymbopogon citratus. This compound is considered FDA as safe (GRAS) for food use. Citronellol was studied as an analgesic compound in various pain models and its action was mediated by the inhibition of peripheral mediators as well as central inhibitory mechanisms that could be related to its strong antioxidant effect observed in vitro. Citronellol also was used to control T rubrum growth, a dermatophytic fungus. The anti-hyperalgesic effect of citronellol was also studied and was shown, that this effect was achieved through the spinal cord lamina I inhibition.

Zingerone is one of the active phenolic components isolated from Zingiber officinale. Zingerone is primarily present in dry ginger, but cooking or drying also converts gingerol into zingerone by a retroaldol reaction. Chemically synthesized zingerone is vanillyl acetone, which is a member of the phenolic alkanone group, and its varied pharmacological properties include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. Thus, zingeroneshowed strong anti-angiogenic activity via the inhibition of MMP-2 and MMP-9 during tumor progression. Zingerone was likely to be broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory agents in most organs that suppressed the activation of NF-κB, the production of IL-1β, and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in mice. Zingerone effectively inhibits 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis in male Wistar rats. Zingerone possess radioprotective effects in laboratory animals and in cultured cells in vitro. Zingerone produced marked improvement in stress induced irritable bowel disorder, which could be attributed to the powerful antioxidant nature, direct effect on the intestinal smooth muscle and adaptogenic nature. Analysis of the qualities that constituted zingerone irritation found that the sensations produced are predominantly burning and warmth, making it qualitatively similar to capsaicin.

Ethyl oleate is a fatty acid ester used as a solvent for pharmaceutical drug preparations involving lipophilic substances such as steroids. In vivo studies have demonstrated that Ethyl oleate and other fatty acid esters are also rapidly hydrolyzed to ethanol and free fatty acid. Ethyl oleate is one of the fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) that is formed in the body after ingestion of ethanol. There is a growing body of research literature that implicates FAEEs such as ethyl oleate as the toxic mediators of ethanol in the body (pancreas, liver, heart, and brain). Among the speculations is that ethyl oleate may be the toxic mediator of alcohol in fetal alcohol syndrome. The oral ingestion of ethyl oleate has been carefully studied and due to rapid degradation in the digestive tract, it appears safe for oral ingestion. Ethyl oleate is not currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for any injectable use. However, it is used by compounding pharmacies as a vehicle for intramuscular drug delivery, in some cases to prepare the daily doses of progesterone in support of pregnancy. Studies which document the safe use of ethyl oleate in pregnancy for both the mother and the fetus have never been performed.