Antihistamine agent

Etilamfetamine (Apetinil) is a stimulant drug of amphetamine chemical class. It is an N-substituted amphetamine with an ethyl group on the amphetamine backbone. It was used as an anorectic or appetite suppressant. Etilamfetamine is a psychoactive drug, which can be used as a recreational drug. Etilamfetamine has been abused as a “designer drug” alternative to amphetamine and possibly methamphetamine. It is a dopamine releasing agent.

Ximelagatran (Exanta or Exarta, H 376/95) is an anticoagulant that has been investigated extensively as a replacement for warfarin that would overcome the problematic dietary, drug interaction, and monitoring issues associated with warfarin therapy. In 2006, its manufacturer AstraZeneca announced that it would withdraw pending applications for marketing approval after reports of hepatotoxicity (liver damage) during trials, and discontinue its distribution in countries where the drug had been approved (Germany, Portugal, Sweden, Finland, Norway, Iceland, Austria, Denmark, France, Switzerland, Argentina and Brazil). Ximelagatran is a prodrug that is rapidly converted after oral administration to the active compound melagatran. Melagatran is able to inhibit thrombin activity directly and quickly. The melagatran molecule binds to the arginine side pocket of thrombin, inactivating the thrombin. Following oral administration of ximelagatran, oral bioavailability (measured as melagatran) is 18% to 25%. Peak melagatran levels after a ximelagatran dose of 48 mg twice daily are achieved within approximately 2 hours. Ximelagatran is rapidly and extensively converted to melagatran in the liver and other tissues. This conversion is achieved by ester hydrolysis and reduction via two intermediate metabolites, hydroxymelagatran, and ethylmelagatran. The predominant compound in plasma is the active drug, melagatran. The elimination half-life of melagatran after an oral dose of ximelagatran is 2.5 to 4.3 hours.

DODICIN (Tego-51), one of the amphoteric surfactants based on the dodecyl-di( aminoethyl)-glycine, has been considered as an effctive disinfectant having a broad specturn of antimicrobial activity. Tego-51 disinfectant was effective for the disinfection of commonly isolated bacteria and yeast from hospital. It may be recommended that Tego-51 should be used at concentration greater than 0.1% for the effective disinfection of skin, instruments and hospital floors.

Todralazine is a hydralazinophthalazine-derived drug currently used in the treatment of arterial hypertension. As vasodilator, it might be used in combination with isosorbide dinitrate. Side effects and drug toxicity were uncommon in such vasodilator therapy.

Caroverine is a spasmolytic drug used in tinnitus treatment improves mechanosensitivity and mechanotransduction phenomenon and otoneuroprotective agent. Caroverine acts as an N-type calcium channel blocker, competitive AMPA receptor antagonist, and non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist. When excessive glutamate binds to NMDA receptors, the receptor opens and allows calcium and sodium to enter the neuron, abnormal levels of calcium disturbs ionic balance causing spontaneous depolarization state. Pathological spontaneous depolarization state is reversed back to physiological polarization state by antagonistic property of Caroverine.

Zabicipril is an ethyl ester prodrug that is converted in vivo to zabiciprilat. Zabicipril induced an early, potent, and long-lasting converting enzyme inhibition. Furthermore, zabicipril did not affect plasma catecholamines and atrial natriuretic factor. It is antihypertensive and peripheral vasodilator. In normal men, zabicipril increases the renal fraction of cardiac output in the absence of a concomitant change in systemic haemodynamics. This specific effect of zabicipril on the kidney may be less important with advancing age.

Efonidipine is a 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative for the treatment of hypertension and angina. Efonidipine exerts its antihypertensive and antianginal effects through blocking L- and T-type calcium channels.

Dicethiamine hydrochloride (DCET) is a vitamin B(1) derivative that has excellent absorbability and transformability in tissues. It is an analogue of thiamine, improved performance in an animal model of complex fatigue.

Methadyl Acetate is a narcotic analgesic with a long onset and duration of action. Methadyl Acetate is primarily a mu-type opioid receptor agonist and the drug decreases a patient's opioid use by preventing opioid withdrawal. Levacetylmethadol, the enantiomer of Methadyl Acetate, was approved in 1993 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in the treatment of opioid dependence. In 2001, levacetylmethadol was removed from the U.S. market due to reports of life-threatening ventricular rhythm disorders.