Santonin, a natural compound, is a sesquiterpene lactone. It is known as an anthelmintic drug which was used in the past (19th - early 20th centuries) mainly to treat different kinds of intestinal worms such as roundworm or ascaris lumbricoides except the tapeworm. It was also indicated for use in retention of urine and nocturnal enuresis from atony, urethral irritation with pain at uterine disorders, retention of urine in fevers, deficient spinal innervation, as evidenced by impaired respiration and tympanitis, vesical tenesmus and strangury, retention of urine from the use of opiates. Santonin was formerly listed in U.S. and British pharmacopoeia but due to the severe side effects and the development of many safer deworming drugsa it is no longer registered as a drug in most countries. Originally isolated from the poisons plant Artemisia maritima, santonin is itself a toxic compound. It is the anhydride of santonic acid, which is a derivative of dimethyl-naphtalene. It dissolves in alkalies with formation of salts of this acid. In acetic acid solution, when exposed to sunlight for about a month, santonin is converted into photosantonic acid. Santonin was found to have significant anti-inflammatory activity on acute inflammatory processes and as shown in vitro can activate pregnane X receptors and constitutive androstane receptors and subsequently increases the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes.

BETANAPHTHOL (or 2-Naphthol) is used as a preservative. It is known, that this compound can cause dermatitis.

Dichlorophene is a halogenated phenolic compound that functions as a bacteriocide and fungicide in cosmetics. Dichlorophene was reported to be used in a total of five cosmetic formulations at concentrations of 0% to 1.0%. Dichlorophen is used in the treatment of tapeworm infestation in man and animals and is the basis of a preparation against athlete’s foot. As a fungicide and bactericide it is recommended for the protection of textiles and materials including horticultural benches and equipment against moulds and algae.

Dymanthine (Thelmesan) is an Anthelmintic, it is prepared as the hydrochloride and has some activity against hookworm infection, ascariasis, trichuriasis and hymenolepiasis. The drug appears to be safe, well tolerated and to cause few side effects (nausea, vomiting, headache, diarrhea, giddiness).

Flubendazole is an anthelmintic that is used to treat worm infection in humans. It is available OTC in Europe. Flubendazole is registered and sold in Europe (EMEA) as Fluvermal (Johnson and Johnson, Sante Bea). A 100mg dose of Fluvermal is most commonly proscribed for treating pinwoms (Enterobius vermiculus)). This is followed by a second dose of 100mg 15-21 days later to ensure reinfection is avoided, as flubendazole does not kill pinworm eggs. 100mg taken 3 times a day for 3 days is effective against larger nematodes, but only marginally effective against tapeworms. Flubendazole was validated for its anti-proliferative efficacy in MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, Flubendazole induced autophagy and increased ROS production. In silico analysis and experimental validation together demonstrate that Flubendazole can target autophagy-related protein 4B (Atg4B) in MDA-MB-231 cells and induce autophagy, which may shed light on the exploration of this compound as a potential new Atg4B targeted drug for future triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) therapy.

Melarsomine (melarsomine dihydrochloride) is an organic arsenical chemotherapeutic agent and is a trypanocidal antiparasitic drug. As of 2016 DIROBAN, a generic melarsomine dihydrochloride product, is the only FDA-approved treatment for adult heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in dogs. It is not approved for treatment in cats, or dogs in late-stage infection. It is marketed by Merial under the trade name Immiticide and is not currently available in the U.S. due to a manufacturing shortage. Sponsored by Anzac Animal Health, LLC and distributed by Zoetis, Inc., DIROBAN is a prescription animal drug supplied as a sterile powder that must be reconstituted with an accompanying sterile water diluent. The exact mode of action on D. immitis is unknown. Post-treatment mortality due to thromboembolism and/or progression of the underlying disease may occur in 10 to 20% of the Class 3 patients treated with DIROBAN.

Ponazuril, sold by the Bayer Corporation under the trade name Marquis, was the first FDA-approved treatment for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) in horse, caused by Sarcocystis neurona. Also this drug was used in animals such as cats, dogs against coccidia, an intestinal parasite. Coccidia treatment is far shorter than treatment for EPM.

Monensin is an antibiotic produced as a byproduct of fermentation by Streptomyces cinnamonensis and belongs to a family of drugs known as polyether antibiotics or ionophores. The drug was approved by FDA for the prevention of coccidiosis in turkeys, chickens, quail, cattle, goats, calves (Coban, Rumensin). The exact mechanism of monesin action is unknown, however there are several hypotesis, which includes the inhibition of K+ transport, the inhibition of the transport of carbohydrates across the host cell membrane, the interruption host cell invasion by sporozoites, etc.

Morantel (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1-methyl-2-[2-(3-methyl-2-thienyl)ethenyl pyrimidine) is a tetrahydro-pyrimidine anthelmintic, differing from the related analogue pyrantel by the presence of a methyl group on the thiophene ring. Morantel tartrate, manufactured by Pfizer, Inc., was approved in the United States for use in cattle in 1981, and entered the market in early 1982. Three formulations have been approved in the United States: RUMATEL® Medicated Premix-88; RUMATEL Cattle Wormer Bolus, and PARATECT FLEX™ Diffuser, a sustained release bolus. It is intended to treat roundworms and tapeworms. Morantel is administered in lactating and non lactating cattle as morantel tartrate as a slow-release bolus (11.8 g morantel base per animal) or as a single oral dose of 6 to 7.5 mg morantel base/kg bw and in pigs at a single dose equivalent to 7.5 mg base/kg bw. In sheep, the citrate salt is administered at a single dose equivalent to 5 to 6 mg morantel base/kg bw. Morantel acts as a potent agonist at the acetylcholine receptors on the muscle cells of nematodes. Activation of the acetylcholine receptors induces a prolonged, spastic paralysis of the worms and expulsion from the host. It also been reported to block neurotransmission in vertebrates, to possess nicotine-like properties and to mimic acetylcholine at receptors in autonomic ganglia, adrenal medullae and respiratory tissues. Morantel and its salts are not used in human medicines.