U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Divider Arrow National Institutes of Health Divider Arrow NCATS

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Status:
Other

Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)

Status:
Other

Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)

Status:
Possibly Marketed Outside US
Source:
Japan:Citicoline
Source URL:
First approved in 2023
Source:
Nerve Mushroom gummies by XIAN CHIANG COMPANY LIMITED
Source URL:

Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)



Citicoline (CDP-choline; cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine) is a novel nutrient with a broad spectrum of benefits for conditions associated with symptoms of neurological dysfunction shows promise of clinical efficacy in elderly patients with cognitive deficits, inefficient memory, and early-stage Alzheimer's disease. Citicoline has also been investigated as a therapy in stroke patient. Despite it was approved in some countries for treatment Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), the use of this drug for acute TBI seems to have no field of support anymore, whereas it may have some benefits in improving the neuro-cognitive state in chronic TBI patients. It's also recommended to keep in mind acute interventions like Psychological First Aid (PFA) during acute TBI management. Citicoline plays several important roles in human physiology, including enhancement of structural integrity and signaling for cell membranes, support of acetylcholine synthesis, and synthesis of betaine, a methyl donor. The precise mechanism of action of Citicoline to treat disease is unknown, but was confirmed, that drug might increase phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) synthesis and might reverse PtdCho loss. In addition, was shown, that citicoline modulates phospholipids metabolism and neurotransmitter levels and appears to improve cognition in some central nervous system disorders such as bipolar disorder and cocaine dependence. Bipolar disorder is associated with the highest rates of substance abuse of any psychiatric disorder. Cocaine use is particularly common in patients with bipolar disorder.
Status:
Possibly Marketed Outside US
Source:
NCT02524964: Phase 4 Interventional Unknown status Left Ventricular Remodeling
(2015)
Source URL:

Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)


Status:
Possibly Marketed Outside US
Source:
Lofexidine by Nattermann & Cie
Source URL:

Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)



Levlofexidine is R-enantiomer of a α2A adrenergic receptor agonist Lofexidine. Levlofexidine (as a component of Lofexidine) can be used as a short-acting anti-hypertensive but is mostly used to help relieve symptoms of heroin or opiate withdrawal in opiate dependency. Lofexidine is approved in the United Kingdom but is still undergoing clinical trials in the United States. Levlofexidine showed an approximately 9-fold higher affinity than Dexlofexidine for the alpha 2-adrenoceptor-like binding sites in rat brain membranes identified by [3H]-clonidine and was 4 times more potent at displacing [3H]-prazosin from alpha 1-adrenoceptors. The possibility of using lofexidine to treat alcohol addiction withdrawal symptoms has been investigated and has not yet been shown to be an effective treatment.
Status:
Possibly Marketed Outside US

Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)



Amperozide (FG 5606, N-ethyl-4-[4',4'-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl]-1-piperazine-carboxamide) is an atypical antipsychotic drug which has relatively weak in vitro affinity for striatal dopamine2 (D2) receptors and a strong affinity for the cortical 5-HT2A receptor. It was shown in animal models, that amperozide could attenuate craving for cocaine. In addition, this drug was studied in patients with schizophrenia and was shown, that several patients had improvements as was assessed by the Clinical Global Improvement Scale. However, these studies were discontinued.