Vilanterol (INN, USAN) is an ultra-long-acting β2 adrenoreceptor agonist (ultra-LABA), which was approved in May 2013 in combination with fluticasone furoate for sale as Breo Ellipta by GlaxoSmithKline for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Its pharmacological effect is attributable to stimulation of intracellular adenylyl cyclase which catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic-3’,5’-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Increases in cyclic AMP are associated with relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and inhibition of release of hypersensitivity mediators from mast cells in the lungs. Vilanterol is available in following combinations: a) with inhaled corticosteroid fluticasone furoate — fluticasone furoate/vilanterol (trade names Breo Ellipta , Relvar Ellipta; b) with muscarinic antagonist umeclidinium bromide — umeclidinium bromide/vilanterol (trade name Anoro Ellipta).

Luliconazole (trade names Luzu, Lulicon) is an imidazole antifungal drug. As a 1% topical cream, It is indicated for the treatment of athlete's foot, jock itch, and ringworm caused by dermatophytes such as Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum gypseum and Epidermophyton floccosum. Luliconazole is an antifungal that belongs to the azole class. Although the exact mechanism of action against dermatophytes is unknown, luliconazole appears to inhibit ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting the enzyme lanosterol demethylase. Inhibition of this enzyme’s activity by azoles results in decreased amounts of ergosterol, a constituent of fungal cell membranes, and a corresponding accumulation of lanosterol. Pharmacokinetic and safety results from phase 1 studies in patients with onychomycosis have demonstrated high concentrations of luliconazole within the nail plates of the great toe and have shown that this agent is well tolerated when administered as a 10% solution.

Afatinib is a anilino-quinazoline derivative and irreversible antagonist of the receptor tyrosine kinase epidermal growth factor receptor family, with antineoplastic activity. Afatinib selectively and covalently binds to and inhibits the epidermal growth factor receptors 1 (ErbB1; EGFR), 2 (ErbB2; HER2), and 4 (ErbB4; HER4), and certain EGFR mutants, including those caused by EGFR exon 19 deletion mutations or exon 21 (L858R) mutations. This may result in the inhibition of tumor growth and angiogenesis in tumor cells overexpressing these kinases. Additionally, afatinib inhibits the EGFR T790M gatekeeper mutation which is resistant to treatment with first-generation EGFR inhibitors. EGFR, HER2 and HER4 are RTKs that belong to the EGFR superfamily; they play major roles in both tumor cell proliferation and tumor vascularization and are overexpressed in many cancer cell types. Afatinib is a substrate and an inhibitor of P-gp and of the transporter BCRP. Co-administration of P-gp inhibitors can increase afatinib exposure while co-administration of chronic P­gp inducers can decrease afatinib exposure.

Canagliflozin (INN, trade name Invokana or Sulisent) is a drug of the gliflozin class. It was developed by Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma and is marketed under license by Janssen, a division of Johnson & Johnson. Canagliflozin is an antidiabetic drug used to improve glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2), expressed in the proximal renal tubules, is responsible for the majority of the reabsorption of filtered glucose from the tubular lumen. Canagliflozin is an inhibitor of SGLT2. By inhibiting SGLT2, canagliflozin reduces reabsorption of filtered glucose and lowers the renal threshold for glucose (RTG), and thereby increases urinary glucose excretion. In extensive clinical trials, canagliflozin produced a consistent dose-dependent reduction in HbA1c of 0.77% to 1.16% when administered as monotherapy, combination with metformin, combination with metformin and a sulfonylurea, combination with metformin and pioglitazone, and in combination with insulin from a baselines of 7.8% to 8.1%, in combination with metformin, or in combination with metformin and a sulfonylurea. When added to metformin, canagliflozin 100 mg was shown to be non-inferior to both sitagliptin 100 mg and glimepiride in reductions on HbA1c at one year, whilst canagliflozin 300 mg successfully demonstrated statistical superiority over both sitagliptin and glimiperide in HbA1c reductions. Secondary efficacy endpoint of superior body weight reduction and blood pressure reduction (versus sitagliptin and glimiperide)) were observed as well. Canagliflozin produces beneficial effects on HDL cholesterol whilst increasing LDL cholesterol to produce no change in total cholesterol.

Umeclidinium (used as a bromide salt) is a long-acting, antimuscarinic antagonist, often referred to as an anticholinergic, developed for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (alone and in combination with Vilanterol - long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist). Umeclidinium has similar affinity to the subtypes of muscarinic receptors M1 to M5 with Ki values of 0.16 nM, 0.15 nM, 0.06 nM, 0.05 nM and 0.13 nM for M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5, respectively. Umeclidinium is selective against mAChR over other unrelated receptors or channels such as κ and σ opiod receptors, Na+ channel and dopamine transporter. In the airways, it exhibits pharmacological effects through the inhibition of M3 receptor at the smooth muscle leading to bronchodilation. There is potential for an additive interaction with concomitantly used anticholinergic medicines.

Flutemetamol F 18 is a radioactive molecular agent that is intended for use with PET imaging of the brain in adults being evaluated for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia. Flutemetamol F 18 consists of flutemetamol, a thioflavin derivative of Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) labeled with the radioisotope fluorine F18 and it selectively binds to cerebral fibrillar beta-amyloid, a peptide involved in Alzheimer's disease.

Bazedoxifene acetate (WAY-140424; TSE-424) is an oral, nonsteroidal, indole-based selective estrogen-receptor modulator developed by Ligand Pharmaceuticals in collaboration with Wyeth Pharmaceuticals (NJ, USA) (now Pfizer) . It was developed using raloxifene as a template with the benzothiophene core substituted by an indole ring in order to obtain favorable effects on the skeleton and lipid metabolism with the additional improvement of a neutral effect on hot flushes and without stimulating the uterus or the breast. The drug is approved as a monotherapy for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and in combination with conjugated estrogens for the treatment of menopausal symptoms and prevention of osteoporosis. Bazedoxifene binds to both ERalpha and ERbeta with high affinity. Bazedoxifene acts as both a receptor agonist and/or antagonist, depending upon the cell and tissue type and target genes. Bazedoxifene decreases bone resorption and reduces biochemical markers of bone turnover to the premenopausal range. These effects on bone remodeling lead to an increase in bone mineral density (BMD), which in turn contributes to a reduction in the risk of fractures. Bazedoxifene functions primarily as an estrogen-receptor antagonist in uterine and breast tissues.

Pomalidomide is a derivative of thalidomide marketed by Celgene, an analogue of thalidomide, is an immunomodulatory agent with antineoplastic activity. In in vitro cellular assays, pomalidomide inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of hematopoietic tumor cells. Additionally, pomalidomide inhibited the proliferation of lenalidomide-resistant multiple myeloma cell lines and synergized with dexamethasone in both lenalidomide-sensitive and lenalidomide-resistant cell lines to induce tumor cell apoptosis. Pomalidomide enhanced T cell- and natural killer (NK) cell-mediated immunity and inhibited production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α and IL-6) by monocytes. Pomalidomide demonstrated anti-angiogenic activity in a mouse tumor model and in the in vitro umbilical cord model.

Elvitegravir is a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase strand transfer inhibitor used in combination with cobicistat, emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamid (GENVOYA®) for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in antiretroviral treatment-experienced adults. Because integrase is necessary for viral replication, inhibition prevents the integration of HIV-1 DNA into the host genome and thereby blocks the formation of the HIV-1 provirus and resulting propagation of the viral infection.

Florbetapir (18F) (trade name AMYViD; also known as florbetapir-fluorine-18 or 18F-AV-45) is a PET scanning radiopharmaceutical compound containing the radionuclide fluorine-18, recently FDA approved as a diagnostic tool for Alzheimer's disease. Florbetapir, like Pittsburgh compound B (PiB), binds to beta-amyloid, however fluorine-18 has a half-life of 110 minutes, in contrast to PiB's radioactive half life of 20 minutes. Wong et al. found that the longer life allowed the tracer to accumulate significantly more in the brains of people with AD, particularly in the regions known to be associated with beta-amyloid deposits. A negative Amyvid scan indicates sparse to no neuritic plaques, and is inconsistent with a neuropathological diagnosis of AD at the time of image acquisition; a negative scan result reduces the likelihood that a patient’s cognitive impairment is due to AD. A positive Amyvid scan indicates moderate to frequent amyloid neuritic plaques; neuropathological examination has shown this amount of amyloid neuritic plaque is present in patients with AD, but may also be present in patients with other types of neurologic conditions as well as older people with normal cognition. Amyvidis an adjunct to other diagnostic evaluations