U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Divider Arrow National Institutes of Health Divider Arrow NCATS

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Showing 91 - 100 of 21518 results


Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)



Icatibant (trade name Firazyr) is a synthetic peptidomimetic drug consisting of ten amino acids, and acts as an effective and specific antagonist of bradykinin B2 receptors. It has been approved in the EU for use in hereditary angioedema, and is under investigation for a number of other conditions in which bradykinin is thought to play a significant role. Icatibant currently has orphan drug status in the United States and FDA approved on August 25, 2011. Icatibant inhibits bradykinin from binding the B2 receptor and thereby treats the clinical symptoms of an acute, episodic attack of HAE.
Abiraterone acetate (trade name Zytiga) is a prodrug to the abiraterone, steroidal compound with antiandrogen activity and a 17 α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase (CYP17) inhibitor. It is indicated in combination with prednisone for the treatment of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Abiraterone acetate is converted in vivo to abiraterone which inhibits CYP17, enzyme expressed in testicular, adrenal, and prostatic tumor tissues and required for androgen biosynthesis. Administration of this agent may suppress testosterone production by both the testes and the adrenals to castrate-range levels. Androgen sensitive prostatic carcinoma responds to treatment that decreases androgen levels. Androgen deprivation therapies, such as treatment with GnRH agonists or orchiectomy, decrease androgen production in the testes but do not affect androgen production by the adrenals or in the tumor.
TAK-536 (generic name: azilsartan) is an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, discovered by Takeda and its mechanism of action is to lower blood pressure by inhibiting action of a vasopressor hormone Angiotensin II. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists have become an important drug class in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. TAK-536 is in phase III clinical trial for treatment hypertension. This drug also known as active metabolite of the prodrug azilsartan medoxomil (also known as azilsartan kamedoxomil), but in some countries azilsartan rather than its prodrug is used for oral treatment.
Dienogest (Natazia) is a hybrid progestogen that combines properties of both the 19-nortestosterone derivatives and the progesterone derivatives. It is indicated for use by women to prevent pregnancy and for the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding in women without organic pathology. Dienogest is also approved in Europe, Australia, Malaysia, Singapore and Japan for the treatment of endometriosis. It is lowers the risk of becoming pregnant primarily by suppressing ovulation. Other possible mechanisms may include cervical mucus changes that inhibit sperm penetration and endometrial changes that reduce the likelihood of implantation. Dienogest exhibits highly selective binding to the progesterone receptor. It has high progestational and significant antiandrogenic activity, but only moderate antigonadotrophic activity. The most common adverse reactions in clinical trials for Natazia are headache (including migraines), breast pain, menstrual disorders, nausea or vomiting, acne, mood changes and increased weight.

Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)


Conditions:

Ulipristal acetate (also known as CDB-2914 and PGL4001 and trade name Ella in the U.S) is a novel oral emergency contraceptive designed and developed by HRA Pharma. It is a selective progesterone receptor modulator, which reversibly blocks the progesterone receptors in target tissues it was approved in May 2009 by the European Commission and in August 2010 by the FDA as safe and effective in preventing unintended pregnancy for up to 120 hours – or five days – post- unprotected intercourse or contraceptive failure. Ella is not intended for routine use as a contraceptive. When taken immediately before ovulation is to occur, ella postpones follicular rupture. The likely primary mechanism of action of ulipristal acetate for emergency contraception is therefore inhibition or delay of ovulation; however, alterations to the endometrium that may affect implantation may also contribute to efficacy. The most common side effects are: headache, nausea, stomach (abdominal) pain, menstrual pain. Some women taking ella may have their next period earlier or later than expected. If your period is more than a week late, you should get a pregnancy test.
Cabazitaxel (JEVTANA®) is an antineoplastic agent belonging to the taxane class and is used to treat people with prostate cancer that has progressed despite treatment with docetaxel. It is prepared by semi-synthesis with a precursor extracted from yew needles (10-deacetylbaccatin III). Cabazitaxel (JEVTANA®) is a microtubule inhibitor. It binds to tubulin and promotes its assembly into microtubules while simultaneously inhibiting disassembly. This leads to the stabilization of microtubules, which results in the inhibition of mitotic and interphase cellular functions. The cell is then unable to progress further into the cell cycle, being stalled at metaphase, thus triggering apoptosis of the cancer cell.
Ceftaroline is a fifth-generation broad-spectrum cephalosporin with potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Ceftaroline is the bioactive metabolite of ceftaroline fosamil, an N-phosphonoamino water-soluble cephalosporin prodrug, which is rapidly converted in vivo upon the hydrolysis of the phosphonate group by plasma phosphatises. Ceftaroline fosamil is being developed by Forest Laboratories, under a license from Takeda. In 2010, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ceftaroline fosamil for use in the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections as well as community-acquired pneumonia. Ceftaroline has bactericidal activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, therefore serving as an attractive alternative agent for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia when approved agents are contraindicated or treatment failures have occurred. Like other β-lactams, ceftaroline’s mechanism of action is mediated by binding to the penicillin-binding protein (PBP), the enzyme mediating the cross-linking transpeptidation of the peptidoglycan which are the terminal steps in completing formation of the bacterial cell wall. MRSA strains have a mutated PBP2a which prohibits β-lactam antibiotics from accessing its active site that mediates the transpeptidation reaction. Ceftaroline possesses an ethoxyimino side-chain mimicking a portion of a cell wall structure, which acts as a “Trojan horse”, allosterically opening and facilitating access to the active site of the PBP2a. Based on clinical trial data to date, ceftaroline appears to be safe and well-tolerated. Since ceftaroline is a cephalosporin, it has caused serious hypersensitivity reactions in patients who are allergic to cephalosporins and among some patients with penicillin allergies.
Lurasidone is a novel antipsychotic agent approved for the treatment of schizophrenia in a number of countries including the UK and is also approved in the USA and Canada for the treatment of bipolar depression as either a monotherapy or adjunctive therapy with lithium or valproate. In addition, lurasidone is in phase III of a clinical trial for the treatment patient with major depressive disorder and for the treatment of irritability associated with autistic disorder. The mechanism of action of lurasidone, as with other drugs having efficacy in schizophrenia, is unknown but is known, that lurasidone has a high affinity for dopamine D2, serotonin 5-HT2A and serotonin 5-HT7 receptors where it has antagonist effects. In addition, lurasidone is a partial agonist at the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor and has no appreciable affinity for histamine or muscarinic receptors.
Artemether is an antimalarial agent used to treat acute uncomplicated malaria. It is administered in combination with lumefantrine for improved efficacy against malaria. Artemether is rapidly metabolized into an active metabolite dihydroartemisinin (DHA). The antimalarial activity of artemether and DHA has been attributed to endoperoxide moiety. Artemethe involves an interaction with ferriprotoporphyrin IX (“heme”), or ferrous ions, in the acidic parasite food vacuole, which results in the generation of cytotoxic radical species. The generally accepted mechanism of action of peroxide antimalarials involves interaction of the peroxide-containing drug with heme, a hemoglobin degradation byproduct, derived from proteolysis of hemoglobin. This interaction is believed to result in the formation of a range of potentially toxic oxygen and carbon-centered radicals. Other mechanisms of action for artemether include their ability to reduce fever by production of signals to hypothalamus thermoregulatory center. Now, recent research has shown the presence of a new, previously unknown cyclooxygenase enzyme COX-3, found in the brain and spinal cord, which is selectively inhibited by artemether, and is distinct from the two already known cyclooxygenase enzymes COX-1 and COX-2. It is now believed that this selective inhibition of the enzyme COX-3 in the brain and spinal cord explains the ability of artemether in relieving pain and reducing fever which is produced by malaria. The most common adverse reactions in adults (>30%) are headache, anorexia, dizziness, asthenia, arthralgia and myalgia.
Pazopanib (VOTRIENT) is an orally bioavailable multi-targeted tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor. Pazopanib inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)-α and -β, fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) -1 and -3, cytokine receptor (Kit), interleukin-2 receptor inducible T-cell kinase (Itk), leukocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck), and transmembrane glycoprotein receptor tyrosine kinase (c-Fms). In an vitro study, pazopanib exerted anti-tumor effect through mechanisms including the Raf-MAPK/ERK (MEK)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. It has good oral exposure and inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth in mice. Pazopanib (VOTRIENT) was developed by GlaxoSmithKline for the treatment of solid tumours and age-related macular degeneration. However, Novartis acquired all the rights to the drug from GlaxoSmithKline. Pazopanib (VOTRIENT) is indicated for the treatment of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma and advanced soft tissue sarcoma.