Fenthion (trade names include Baytex™, Baycid™, and Tiguvon™, used on livestock) was first registered domestically in 1965 by the Mobay Corp., a U.S. subsidiary of Bayer AG of West Germany. Fenthion is a contact and stomach insecticide used against many sucking, biting pests, especially fruit flies, stem borers, mosquitoes, and Eurygaster cereal bugs. In mosquitoes, it is toxic to both the adult and immature forms (larvae). Once used extensively in the U.S. for controlling intestinal worms, fenthion no longer has FDA approval due to an excess number of poisoning deaths. Like most other organophosphates, its mode of action is via cholinesterase inhibition. It was used mostly for the control of grubs and lice in beef and nonlactating cattle.

Anethole trithione or anetholtrithione is a drug used in the treatment of dry mouth. Anethole trithione is a bile secretion-stimulating drug that restores salivation. It is listed in the U.S. National Cancer Institute's Dictionary of Cancer Terms as being studied in the treatment of cancer. Anethol has also been identified as a treatment for improving medium and severe dry eye symptoms. The mechanism of action for the chemopreventive and xerostomia properties have not been fully elucidated.

Xanomeline (LY-246,708) is an orthosteric muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) agonist, often referred to as M1/M4-preferring. It is also known to act as a M5 receptor antagonist. Xanomeline was studied in clinical trials phase I in schizophrenia. In Phase II clinical trials in Alzheimer’s patients, xanomeline significantly improved several measures of cognitive function, yet produced unwanted side effects that limited patient compliance. The side effects seem to be associated with rapid metabolism of the alkyloxy side chain following oral administration, resulting in a nonselective, yet active compound with limited therapeutic utility. Despite a second Phase II clinical trial with a patch formulation, the liabilities of xanomeline still outweigh its benefits.

Xanomeline (LY-246,708) is an orthosteric muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) agonist, often referred to as M1/M4-preferring. It is also known to act as a M5 receptor antagonist. Xanomeline was studied in clinical trials phase I in schizophrenia. In Phase II clinical trials in Alzheimer’s patients, xanomeline significantly improved several measures of cognitive function, yet produced unwanted side effects that limited patient compliance. The side effects seem to be associated with rapid metabolism of the alkyloxy side chain following oral administration, resulting in a nonselective, yet active compound with limited therapeutic utility. Despite a second Phase II clinical trial with a patch formulation, the liabilities of xanomeline still outweigh its benefits.

Leniolisib (JOENJA®) is an oral selective phosphoinositide 3-kinase-delta (PI3Kdelta) inhibitor being developed by Pharming Group NV in-licensed from Novartis for the treatment of immunodeficiency disorders. Leniolisib inhibits PI3K-delta by blocking the active binding site of PI3K-delta. In cell-free isolated enzyme assays, leniolisib was selective for PI3K-delta over PI3K-alpha (28-fold), PI3K-beta (43-fold), and PI3K-gamma (257-fold), as well as the broader kinome. In cell-based assays, leniolisib reduced pAKT pathway activity and inhibited proliferation and activation of B and T cell subsets. Gain-of-function variants in the gene encoding the p110-delta catalytic subunit or loss of function variants in the gene encoding the p85-alpha regulatory subunit each cause hyperactivity of PI3K-delta. Leniolisib inhibits the signalling pathways that lead to increased production of PIP3, hyperactivity of the downstream mTOR/AKT pathway, and to the dysregulation of B and T cells. In March 2023, leniolisib received its first approval for the treatment of activated PI3Kdelta syndrome (APDS) in adult and paediatric patients 12 years of age and older. Leniolisib is also under regulatory review in European Union for the treatment of APDS. Development of leniolisib for the treatment of Sjögren's syndrome has been discontinued.

Ranitidine, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, is now well established as a potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion effective in the treatment and prophylaxis of gastrointestinal lesions aggravated by gastric acid secretion.

Ranitidine, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, is now well established as a potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion effective in the treatment and prophylaxis of gastrointestinal lesions aggravated by gastric acid secretion.

Glycopyrrolate is a synthetic anticholinergic agent with a quaternary ammonium structure. Glycopyrrolate is a muscarinic competitive antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics. Glycopyrrolate binds competitively to the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Like other anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) agents, it inhibits the action of acetylcholine on structures innervated by postganglionic cholinergic nerves and on smooth muscles that respond to acetylcholine but lack cholinergic innervation. These peripheral cholinergic receptors are present in the autonomic effector cells of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, the sinoatrial node, the atrioventricular node, exocrine glands and, to a limited degree, in the autonomic ganglia. Thus, it diminishes the volume and free acidity of gastric secretions and controls excessive pharyngeal, tracheal, and bronchial secretions. Glycopyrrolate antagonizes muscarinic symptoms (e.g., bronchorrhea, bronchospasm, bradycardia, and intestinal hypermotility) induced by cholinergic drugs such as the anticholinesterases. The highly polar quaternary ammonium group of glycopyrrolate limits its passage across lipid membranes, such as the blood-brain barrier, in contrast to atropine sulfate and scopolamine hydrobromide, which are highly non-polar tertiary amines which penetrate lipid barriers easily. Glycopyrrolate is marketed under the brand names Robinul, Robinul Forte, Cuvposa. In October 2015, glycopyrrolate was approved by the FDA for use as a standalone treatment for Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as Seebri Neohaler.

Glycopyrrolate is a synthetic anticholinergic agent with a quaternary ammonium structure. Glycopyrrolate is a muscarinic competitive antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics. Glycopyrrolate binds competitively to the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Like other anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) agents, it inhibits the action of acetylcholine on structures innervated by postganglionic cholinergic nerves and on smooth muscles that respond to acetylcholine but lack cholinergic innervation. These peripheral cholinergic receptors are present in the autonomic effector cells of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, the sinoatrial node, the atrioventricular node, exocrine glands and, to a limited degree, in the autonomic ganglia. Thus, it diminishes the volume and free acidity of gastric secretions and controls excessive pharyngeal, tracheal, and bronchial secretions. Glycopyrrolate antagonizes muscarinic symptoms (e.g., bronchorrhea, bronchospasm, bradycardia, and intestinal hypermotility) induced by cholinergic drugs such as the anticholinesterases. The highly polar quaternary ammonium group of glycopyrrolate limits its passage across lipid membranes, such as the blood-brain barrier, in contrast to atropine sulfate and scopolamine hydrobromide, which are highly non-polar tertiary amines which penetrate lipid barriers easily. Glycopyrrolate is marketed under the brand names Robinul, Robinul Forte, Cuvposa. In October 2015, glycopyrrolate was approved by the FDA for use as a standalone treatment for Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as Seebri Neohaler.

Glycopyrrolate is a synthetic anticholinergic agent with a quaternary ammonium structure. Glycopyrrolate is a muscarinic competitive antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics. Glycopyrrolate binds competitively to the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Like other anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) agents, it inhibits the action of acetylcholine on structures innervated by postganglionic cholinergic nerves and on smooth muscles that respond to acetylcholine but lack cholinergic innervation. These peripheral cholinergic receptors are present in the autonomic effector cells of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, the sinoatrial node, the atrioventricular node, exocrine glands and, to a limited degree, in the autonomic ganglia. Thus, it diminishes the volume and free acidity of gastric secretions and controls excessive pharyngeal, tracheal, and bronchial secretions. Glycopyrrolate antagonizes muscarinic symptoms (e.g., bronchorrhea, bronchospasm, bradycardia, and intestinal hypermotility) induced by cholinergic drugs such as the anticholinesterases. The highly polar quaternary ammonium group of glycopyrrolate limits its passage across lipid membranes, such as the blood-brain barrier, in contrast to atropine sulfate and scopolamine hydrobromide, which are highly non-polar tertiary amines which penetrate lipid barriers easily. Glycopyrrolate is marketed under the brand names Robinul, Robinul Forte, Cuvposa. In October 2015, glycopyrrolate was approved by the FDA for use as a standalone treatment for Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as Seebri Neohaler.