Tiamulin is a diterpene antimicrobial with a pleuromutilin chemical structure similar to that of valnemulin. The activity of tiamulin is largely confined to gram-positive micro-organisms and mycoplasma. Tiamulin acts by inhibiting protein synthesis at the ribosomal level. In veterinary medicine, tiamulin is used for treatment and prophylaxis of dysentery, pneumonia and mycoplasmal infections in pigs and poultry. Tiamulin is available as a 2, 10 or 20% premix for pigs and poultry, a 12.5% solution or 45% water soluble powder for addition to drinking water for pigs and poultry, or a 10% injectable formulation for pigs. Tiamulin inhibits protein synthesis by targeting the 50S bacterial ribosomal subunit and binding to peptidyl transferase, the enzyme responsible for forming peptide bonds between amino acids.

Oxfendazole is a broad spectrum benzimidazole anthelmintic. Oxfendazole has broad-spectrum activity against inhibited larval stages of gastrointestinal roundworms, tapeworms, and lungworms in many animal species at doses between 4.5–10 mg/kg.

Curcumin is a bright yellow chemical produced by some plants, for example, it is the principal curcuminoid of turmeric. It is sold as a food flavoring, food colorant, herbal supplement, and cosmetic ingredient. Although curcumin has been widely studied it has not been officially endorsed for any pharmaceutical use due to issues of stability and bioavailability; although it continues to b marketed as a health supplement. Curcumin has been investigated for the treatment of a number of cancers, asthma, mucositis, schizophrenia, mild cognitive impairment, and depression.

Domperidone is a peripherally selective D2 receptor antagonist. It acts as an antiemetic and a prokinetic agent through its effects on the chemoreceptor trigger zone and motor function of the stomach and small intestine. Domperidone was not approved in USA due to risks of cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, and sudden death, but is available in other countries. However, FDA allows access to Domperidone through an expanded access investigational new drug application (IND) to patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease with upper GI symptoms, gastroparesis, and chronic constipation. As an “off-label” use, domperidone is prescribed to breastfeeding women to enhance their milk production.

Metomidate is a non-barbiturate imidazole which produces a sleepy condition of 20-60 minutes duration without substantial analgesia. Since the beginning of 1997 the use of the hypnotic drug metomidate (Hypnodil) in swine is nor longer allowed. This ban caused a substantial therapeutic deficit for anesthesia in swine. 11C-metomidate may be used with positron emission tomography which can differentiate adrenocortical from nonadrenocortical tumors and a suspected adrenocortical cancer may be characterized and staged before surgery. Metomidate hydrochloride is for the sedation and anesthesia of aquarium and non-food fish species. Aquacalm has been granted Indexed status by the FDA for this purpose.

Medronic acid (conjugate base, medronate) is a diagnostic agent that is used in complex with technetium Tc-99m for imaging delineate areas of altered osteogenesis. Upon administration the complex binds to hydroxyapatite crystals in bone.

Arbutin, the beta-D-glucopyranoside of hydroquinone, is a skin whitening cosmetic ingredient. Compared with hydroquinone, arbutin is a less potent skin hyperpigmentation agent, but less toxic. Arbutin is found in a number of edible berry-producing plants such as blueberry and cranberry, marjoram, and most pear species. Chinchircoma (Muticia acuminatai) that contains arbutin, has been traditionally used by South American populations internally the fresh juice is used for gastric ulcers and internal tumors; the water of boiled leaves and flowers for illness of the respiratory tract; for hearth disorders or pain. According to pharmacological results in vitro, liver protective effects as well as anti-inflammatory activity were proven. It can also be beneficial for asthma and other anaphylactic reactions. This plant is component of the lsula Rain’s botanical products (Peru): ‘I-Day Digestive Cleanse #2.Herbal Supplement approved by FDA. As a hyperpigmentation agent arbutin inhibits tyrosinase and thus prevents the formation of melanin.

Danofloxacin is a quinolone antibacterial agent for veterinary medicine. The drug is approved by FDA for the treatment of bovine infectious respiratory disease under the name Advocin (mesylate salt). Danofloxacin exerts its action by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase.

DIMETHYL SULFONE is a compound that contains sulfur. It is a naturally occurring organosulfur compound utilized as a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) under a variety of names including dimethyl sulfone, methyl sulfone, sulfonylbismethane, organic sulfur, or crystalline dimethyl sulfoxide. Its most common use is as anti-inflammatory agent. DIMETHYL SULFONE has been claimed to relieve stress, relieve pain, treat parasitic infections, increase energy, boost metabolism, enhance circulation, and improve wound healing, but there is little supporting scientific evidence. Due to its enhanced ability to penetrate membranes and permeate throughout the body, the full mechanistic function of MSM may involve a collection of cell types and is therefore difficult to elucidate. DIMETHYL SULFONE is recognized as safe by the FDA, but efficacy has yet to be proven. In rats, no adverse events were observed after daily doses of 2 g MSM per kg of body weight. Published clinical trials of DIMETHYL SULFONE did not report any serious side effects, but long-term effects are unknown.

Thioctic acid also known as alpha-lipoic acid is a dietary supplement, which is a common ingredient in OTC (over-the-counter) multivitamin formulas and anti-aging supplements. Thioctic acid exists in both R- and S-enantiomeric forms, however, only R-form is essential as a cofactor in biological systems (the acid is coupled via an amide linkage to a lysine of several multienzyme complexes, such as the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, the glycine cleavage system and the branched-chain oxo acid dehydrogenase complex). Most commercially available thioctic acid supplements are a mixture of both R and S enantiomers or R-form alone. Several studies have shown that the acid has beneficial effect on diabetes complications, cancer, glaucome, liver disease, etc. The mechanisms of thioctic acid is related to its antioxidant properties, metal chelator properties, however, those mechanisms need futher confirmation.