Levobupivacaine (CHIROCAINE®) is a (S)-enantiomer of bupivacaine and it is related chemically and pharmacologically to the amino amide class of local anesthetics. Local anesthetics block the generation and the conduction of nerve impulses by increasing the threshold for electrical excitation in the nerve, by slowing propagation of the nerve impulse, and by reducing the rate of rise of the action potential. In general, the progression of anesthesia is related to the diameter, myelination, and conduction velocity of affected nerve fibers. Clinically, the order of loss of nerve function is as follows: 1) pain, 2) temperature, 3) touch, 4) proprioception and 5) skeletal muscle tone. Levobupivacaine (CHIROCAINE®) is a safer alternative for regional anesthesia than bupivacaine. It demonstrated less affinity and strength of depressant effects onto myocardial and central nervous vital centers in pharmacodynamic studies, and a superior pharmacokinetic profile.

Pemirolast is a mast cell stabilizer that acts as an antiallergic agent, it is approved in Japan for the treatment of bronchial asthma and of allergic rhinitis. Pemirolast strongly inhibits extracellular Ca2+ influx and the release of intracellular Ca2+, an important factor in the release of chemical mediators, by inhibiting inositol-phospholipid metabolism in mast cells. It also inhibits the release of arachidonic acid. Furthermore contribution of increasing effect on c-AMP based on inhibiting phosphodiesterase is suggested. Main pharmacological effects is an inhibition of release of chemical mediators, e.g. histamine, LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, PGD2, TXB2 and PAF from human lung tissues, abraded fragments of the nasal mucosa, and peripheral leukocytes, rat peritoneal exudate cells, and rat and guniea pig lung tissues.

Subitramine is a potent inhibitor of monoamines (serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline) reuptake that was approved by FDA for the treatmen of obesity. Sibutramine is metabolized to metabolites M1 and M2 which are more active toward the monoamine transporters.The drug was withdrawn from the market because of clinical trial data indicating an increased risk of heart attack and stroke. It was sold under a variety of brand names including Reductil, Meridia and Sibutrex.

Subitramine is a potent inhibitor of monoamines (serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline) reuptake that was approved by FDA for the treatmen of obesity. Sibutramine is metabolized to metabolites M1 and M2 which are more active toward the monoamine transporters.The drug was withdrawn from the market because of clinical trial data indicating an increased risk of heart attack and stroke. It was sold under a variety of brand names including Reductil, Meridia and Sibutrex.

Subitramine is a potent inhibitor of monoamines (serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline) reuptake that was approved by FDA for the treatmen of obesity. Sibutramine is metabolized to metabolites M1 and M2 which are more active toward the monoamine transporters.The drug was withdrawn from the market because of clinical trial data indicating an increased risk of heart attack and stroke. It was sold under a variety of brand names including Reductil, Meridia and Sibutrex.

Subitramine is a potent inhibitor of monoamines (serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline) reuptake that was approved by FDA for the treatmen of obesity. Sibutramine is metabolized to metabolites M1 and M2 which are more active toward the monoamine transporters.The drug was withdrawn from the market because of clinical trial data indicating an increased risk of heart attack and stroke. It was sold under a variety of brand names including Reductil, Meridia and Sibutrex.

Fenoldopam (marketed under the brand name Corlopam) is a drug and synthetic benzazepine derivative which acts as a selective D1 receptor partial agonist. Fenoldopam is a rapid-acting vasodilator. It is an agonist for D1-like dopamine receptors and binds with moderate affinity to α2-adrenoceptors. It has no significant affinity for D2-like receptors, α1 and β adrenoceptors, 5HT1 and 5HT2 receptors, or muscarinic receptors. Fenoldopam is a racemic mixture with the R-isomer responsible for the biological activity. The R-isomer has approximately 250-fold higher affinity for D1-like receptors than does the S-isomer. Fenoldopam Mesylate Injection, USP is indicated for the in-hospital, short-term (up to 48 hours) management of severe hypertension when rapid, but quickly reversible, emergency reduction of blood pressure is clinically indicated, including malignant hypertension with deteriorating end-organ function.

Eprosartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure. It acts on the renin-angiotensin system in two ways to decrease total peripheral resistance. First, it blocks the binding of angiotensin II to AT1 receptors in vascular smooth muscle, causing vascular dilatation. Second, it inhibits sympathetic norepinephrine production, further reducing blood pressure. Eprosartan is indicated for the management of hypertension alone or in combination with other classes of antihypertensive agents. Also used as a first-line agent in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy, as well as a second-line agent in the treatment of congestive heart failure (only in those intolerant of ACE inhibitors).

Grepafloxacin is a monofluorinated quinolone with a cyclopropyl group at position 1, a 3-methyl-1piperazinyl group at position 7 and a methyl substitution at the 5 position, that was synthesized by Otsuka in Japan. It exhibited in vitro activity against a wide variety of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including anaerobic species. The compound was reported to have a broad spectrum of activity, particularly against pathogens responsible for community-acquired respiratory infections including those caused by beta-lactam and macrolide-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. Japanese researchers also reported that unlike other quinolones, grepafloxacin reached high levels in the bile and might also be useful in the treatment of biliary tract infection. Grepafloxacin was administered once daily and did not require dosage adjustment for renal insufficiency, but grepafloxacin tablets were contraindicated in patients with hepatic failure. Otsuka Pharmaceutical signed a licensing agreement for grepafloxacin with GlaxoSmithKline. According to this agreement, GlaxoSmithKline had marketing rights to grepafloxacin in Europe, USA, and certain other markets. Otsuka retained rights for Japan and some Asian countries

Fenoldopam (marketed under the brand name Corlopam) is a drug and synthetic benzazepine derivative which acts as a selective D1 receptor partial agonist. Fenoldopam is a rapid-acting vasodilator. It is an agonist for D1-like dopamine receptors and binds with moderate affinity to α2-adrenoceptors. It has no significant affinity for D2-like receptors, α1 and β adrenoceptors, 5HT1 and 5HT2 receptors, or muscarinic receptors. Fenoldopam is a racemic mixture with the R-isomer responsible for the biological activity. The R-isomer has approximately 250-fold higher affinity for D1-like receptors than does the S-isomer. Fenoldopam Mesylate Injection, USP is indicated for the in-hospital, short-term (up to 48 hours) management of severe hypertension when rapid, but quickly reversible, emergency reduction of blood pressure is clinically indicated, including malignant hypertension with deteriorating end-organ function.