Chlortetracycline (trade name Aureomycin, Lederle) is a tetracycline antibiotic, the first tetracycline to be identified. It was discovered in 1945 by Benjamin Minge Duggar working at Lederle Laboratories under the supervision of Yellapragada Subbarow. Duggar identified the antibiotic as the product of an actinomycete he cultured from a soil sample collected from Sanborn Field at the University of Missouri. The organism was named Streptomyces aureofaciens and the isolated drug, Aureomycin, because of their golden color. Chlortetracycline inhibits cell growth by inhibiting translation. It binds to the 16S part of the 30S ribosomal subunit and prevents the amino-acyl tRNA from binding to the A site of the ribosome. In veterinary medicine, chlortetracycline is commonly used to treat conjunctivitis in cats.

Cadazolid is a new antibiotic in development for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Cadazolid is active against all (including linezolid- and moxifloxacin-resistant) Clostridium difficile strains. In phase I and II clinical trials, cadazolid was shown to be safe, well tolerated, and efficacious positioning itself as a potential future viable therapeutic option for CDI. Using a series of macromolecular labeling, in vitro transcription/translation, and topoisomerase studies, it was determined that protein synthesis inhibition via the oxazolidinone moiety is the primary mechanism of action of cadazolid. Cadazolid is in phase III clinical trials by Actelion Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. The US FDA has designated cadazolid as both a Qualified Infectious Disease Product (QIDP) and a Fast Track development program for this indication.

Puromycin dihydrochloride belongs to the aminonucleoside family of antibiotics and is isolated from Streptomyces alboniger. Since the partial structure of this antibiotic showed it to be a purine derivative, puromycin was assigned as its generic name. Puromycin is a broad spectrum antibiotic and antibacterial agent. It is active against Gram-positive microorganisms, less active against acid-fast bacilli, and weakly active against Gram-negative microorganisms. It acts very quickly and can kill 99% of the cells within 2 days. It also exhibits antitumor activity in studies on brain tumor cells. Puromycin is a protein synthesis inhibitor that causes premature chain termination by acting as an analog of the 3’-terminal end of aminoacyl-tRNA. It has been used to study transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that control the sequential and coordinate expression of genes during cell differentiation.

Cycloheximide is an antibiotic produced by fermentation culture of Streptomyces griseus, Streptomyces noursei, Streptomyces albulus, Streptomyces naraensis, or other cycloheximide-producing microorganism. It was first discovered by A. Whiffen et al. in 1946. She observed the activity of the compound against the yeasts and it became known as the first antifungal antibiotic. Cycloheximide has been marketed as a plant fungicide for many years and this use continues mainly against fungal diseases of turf and for powdery mildew on roses. More recently, cycloheximide has been recognized and is being developed as an abscission agent for citrus fruits and olives. Due to significant toxic side effects, including DNA damage, teratogenesis, and other reproductive effects, cycloheximide is generally used only in in vitro research applications, and is not suitable for human use as a therapeutic compound. Cycloheximide is an antimitotic and an inhibitor of the synthesis of both DNA and protein.

Harringtonine is a cephalotaxine alkaloid originally found in Cephalotaxus hainanensis Li; it exhibits antiviral and anticancer activities. Harringtonine immobilizes initiated ribosomes, inhibiting protein translation by binding the A site of the 60 S ribosomal subunit and preventing aminoacyl-tRNA binding. Harringtonine inhibits chikungunya virus infection, suppressing replication, RNA production, and viral protein expression. Alone, harringtonine downregulates production of Mcl-1, increases cleavage of PARP, and inhibits cell growth in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells. Additionally, this compound improves the efficacy of co-administered chemotherapeutic compounds, further inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis in leukemia cells. Harringtonine and homoharringtonine isolated from Cephalotaxus hainanesis have exhibited significant antileukemia activity and are widely used in clinics in China.

Acetoxycycloheximide is a protein synthesis inhibitor. Acetoxycycloheximide has been previously shown to induce rapid apoptosis mediated by the release of cytochrome c in human leukemia Jurkat cells. It has also been shown to block the TNF-alpha-induced activation of NF-kappaB via ectodomain shedding of TNF receptor 1 (TNF-R1) in human lung carcinoma A549 cells. Acetoxycycloheximide triggers the downregulation of cell surface TNF-R1 via the activation of ERK and p38 MAP kinase, thereby preventing activation of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway by TNF-alpha.

Anisomycin (2-p-methoxyphenylmethyl-3-acetoxy-4-hydroxypyrrolidine) is an antibiotic isolated from cultures of various Streptomyces. Anisomycin is a potent, structurally specific, and reversible inhibitor of protein biosynthesis in certain yeast and mammalian cells. The inhibition occurs subsequent to the formation of aminoacyl transfer ribonucleic acid but prior to the release of polypeptides from the polyribosome. Anisomycin has unspecified effects that can produce temporary amnesia for a reactivated memory and they also could be responsible for any permanent effects that anisomycin produces. Anisomycin is known to cause apoptosis by activation of MAPK cascade.

Chlortetracycline (trade name Aureomycin, Lederle) is a tetracycline antibiotic, the first tetracycline to be identified. It was discovered in 1945 by Benjamin Minge Duggar working at Lederle Laboratories under the supervision of Yellapragada Subbarow. Duggar identified the antibiotic as the product of an actinomycete he cultured from a soil sample collected from Sanborn Field at the University of Missouri. The organism was named Streptomyces aureofaciens and the isolated drug, Aureomycin, because of their golden color. Chlortetracycline inhibits cell growth by inhibiting translation. It binds to the 16S part of the 30S ribosomal subunit and prevents the amino-acyl tRNA from binding to the A site of the ribosome. In veterinary medicine, chlortetracycline is commonly used to treat conjunctivitis in cats.

Chlortetracycline (trade name Aureomycin, Lederle) is a tetracycline antibiotic, the first tetracycline to be identified. It was discovered in 1945 by Benjamin Minge Duggar working at Lederle Laboratories under the supervision of Yellapragada Subbarow. Duggar identified the antibiotic as the product of an actinomycete he cultured from a soil sample collected from Sanborn Field at the University of Missouri. The organism was named Streptomyces aureofaciens and the isolated drug, Aureomycin, because of their golden color. Chlortetracycline inhibits cell growth by inhibiting translation. It binds to the 16S part of the 30S ribosomal subunit and prevents the amino-acyl tRNA from binding to the A site of the ribosome. In veterinary medicine, chlortetracycline is commonly used to treat conjunctivitis in cats.

Chlortetracycline (trade name Aureomycin, Lederle) is a tetracycline antibiotic, the first tetracycline to be identified. It was discovered in 1945 by Benjamin Minge Duggar working at Lederle Laboratories under the supervision of Yellapragada Subbarow. Duggar identified the antibiotic as the product of an actinomycete he cultured from a soil sample collected from Sanborn Field at the University of Missouri. The organism was named Streptomyces aureofaciens and the isolated drug, Aureomycin, because of their golden color. Chlortetracycline inhibits cell growth by inhibiting translation. It binds to the 16S part of the 30S ribosomal subunit and prevents the amino-acyl tRNA from binding to the A site of the ribosome. In veterinary medicine, chlortetracycline is commonly used to treat conjunctivitis in cats.