Rimantadine (INN, sold under the trade name Flumadine) is an orally administered antiviral drug used to treat, and in rare cases prevent, influenzavirus A infection. Rimantadine is an M2 ion channel inhibitor which specifically inhibits the replication of influenza A viruses by interfering with the uncoating process of the virus. M2 inhibitors block the ion channel formed by the M2 protein that spans the viral membrane (Hay 1985, Sugrue 1991). The influenza virus enters its host cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Thereafter, acidification of the endocytotic vesicles is required for the dissociation of the M1 protein from the ribonucleoprotein complexes. Only then are the ribonucleoprotein particles imported into the nucleus via the nuclear pores. The hydrogen ions needed for acidification pass through the M2 channel. The drug is effective against all influenza A subtypes that have previously caused disease in humans (H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2), but not against influenza B virus because the M2 protein is unique to influenza A viruses. Rimantadine is not active against the avian flu subtype H5N1 strains that have recently caused disease in humans.

Coptisine (COP), a protoberberine alkaloid, is widely found in Chinese medicinal plants (family Berberidaceae, Ranunculaceae and Papaveraceae). It is reported that COP has a wide range of pharmacological and biological activities, including antibacterial, hypoglycemic, anti-tumorigenic, and gastric-mucous membrane protection. Considerable attention has been focused on its activity against central nervous system disorders, such as improving the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease and even preventing its onset, by exerting antidepressant effects as a potent type A monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Coptisine was found to be an efficient uncompetitive Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitor. Coptisine is a potent inhibitor of human organic cation transporters.

Adrenosterone (androst-4-ene-3,11,17-trione, 11-oxoandrostenedione) is an endogenous steroid hormone that has been promoted as a dietary supplement capable of reducing body fat and increasing muscle mass. Adrenosterone has shown to be converted into 11-ketotestosterone in humans, which contributes to adrenosterone's androgenic effects. It is proposed that adrenosterone may function as an inhibitor of the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 enzyme (11beta-HSD1), which is primarily responsible for reactivation of cortisol from cortisone.

Fenamiphos is an organophosphate insecticide and nematicide used for the control of nematodes and sucking insects (including aphids and thrips) on food and non-food crops, and for the control of nematodes in the turf. Fenamiphos blocks the enzyme acetylcholinesterase in the target pests. Fenamiphos is a highly toxic poison that acts by inhibiting cholinesterase (ChE) enzymes in the blood and central and peripheral nervous systems. Inhibition of plasma cholinesterase activity is the most sensitive toxicological endpoint in acute and short-term studies on experimental animals. Fenamiphos is applied on a variety of plants such as tobacco, turf, bananas, pineapples, citrus, and other fruit vines, some vegetables, and grains. In Brazil, this pesticide has been extensively used in tomato crop at planting and also in melon.

Tetramethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid based on the natural counterpart found in chrysanthemum flowers but more stable and longer lasting. Amongst one of the most widely used insecticides, Tetramethrin is a fast acting neurotoxin used against most flying and crawling insects. It is often used in combination with other active ingredients to create a multi-action pesticide. Tetramethrin was found to inhibit various ABC and SLC drug transporters, including multidrug resistance-associated protein(MRP) 2, breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), organic anion transporter polypeptide (OATP) 1B1, organic anion transporter (OAT) 3, multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter (MATE) 1, organic cation transporter (OCT) 1 and OCT2.

Rimantadine (INN, sold under the trade name Flumadine) is an orally administered antiviral drug used to treat, and in rare cases prevent, influenzavirus A infection. Rimantadine is an M2 ion channel inhibitor which specifically inhibits the replication of influenza A viruses by interfering with the uncoating process of the virus. M2 inhibitors block the ion channel formed by the M2 protein that spans the viral membrane (Hay 1985, Sugrue 1991). The influenza virus enters its host cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Thereafter, acidification of the endocytotic vesicles is required for the dissociation of the M1 protein from the ribonucleoprotein complexes. Only then are the ribonucleoprotein particles imported into the nucleus via the nuclear pores. The hydrogen ions needed for acidification pass through the M2 channel. The drug is effective against all influenza A subtypes that have previously caused disease in humans (H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2), but not against influenza B virus because the M2 protein is unique to influenza A viruses. Rimantadine is not active against the avian flu subtype H5N1 strains that have recently caused disease in humans.

Coptisine (COP), a protoberberine alkaloid, is widely found in Chinese medicinal plants (family Berberidaceae, Ranunculaceae and Papaveraceae). It is reported that COP has a wide range of pharmacological and biological activities, including antibacterial, hypoglycemic, anti-tumorigenic, and gastric-mucous membrane protection. Considerable attention has been focused on its activity against central nervous system disorders, such as improving the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease and even preventing its onset, by exerting antidepressant effects as a potent type A monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Coptisine was found to be an efficient uncompetitive Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitor. Coptisine is a potent inhibitor of human organic cation transporters.