3-Indolepropionic acid (IN-OX1; Indole-3-propionic acid; OX-1; Oxigon; SHP 22; SHP-622; VP-20629), an endogenous substance produced by bacteria in the intestine, is a deamination product of Tryptophan (T947200) that protects the hippocampus (studied in gerbils) from ischemic damage and oxidative stress. It’s ability to protect the neurons in this way is attributed to its potent antioxidative effects. 3-Indolepropionic acid is also hypothesized to have protective effects on the thyroid gland. 3-Indolepropionic acid is being studied for therapeutic use in Alzheimer's disease. 3-Indolepropionic acid (IPA) completely protected primary neurons and neuroblastoma cells against oxidative damage and death caused by exposure to Abeta, by inhibition of superoxide dismutase, or by treatment with hydrogen peroxide. In kinetic competition experiments using free radical-trapping agents, the capacity of IPA to scavenge hydroxyl radicals exceeded that of melatonin, an indoleamine considered to be the most potent naturally occurring scavenger of free radicals. In contrast with other antioxidants, IPA was not converted to reactive intermediates with pro-oxidant activity. In 2011, Intellect redirected the focus of the OX1 program from Alzheimer's disease to FA (Friedreich's Ataxia). Research suggests that the symptoms associated with FA are the result of oxidative stress caused by the abnormal accumulation of iron. OX1's ability to neutralize ROS could be an effective agent to reduce oxidative stress in FA, thereby eliminating the symptoms of FA and increasing both quality of life and longevity in affected individuals.

Xanthohumol is a prenylated flavonoid most abundant in hops. It is found in beers and refreshment drinks. It can attenuate several factors of the metabolic syndrome. It has been reported to inhibit adipogenesis or increase cell apoptosis and therefore can be used in preventing obesity. Xanthohumol inhibited angiogenesis by suppressing NF-κB activity in pancreatic cancer. Xanthohumol may represent a novel therapeutic agent for the management of pancreatic cancer. Moreover, it is in phase I clinical trials for preventing many types of cancer. It has a range of other biological properties: antiviral, antimalarial, antibacterial and as an osteoporosis preventing agent.

Isoquercetin is a flavonoid, derivative of quercetin. It was isolated from various plant species including Ammothamnus Lehmanii, Caragana alaica, Cicer baldshuanicum, C. macroconthum, C. pungens, Euphorbia cyparissias, E. helioscapia, E. lathyris, E. lucida, E. purporata and others. It demonstrated radical scavenging activity, inhibitory effects on Na+/K+-ATPase and positive inotropic activity. It is protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) inhibitor. As a PDI inhibitor, this agent blocks PDI-mediated platelet activation, and fibrin generation, which prevents thrombus formation after vascular injury. Isoquercetin inhibited the replication of both influenza A and B viruses at the lowest effective concentration. Isoquercetin activates the ERK1/2-Nrf2 pathway and protects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivo and in vitro. It is being investigated for prevention of thromboembolism in selected cancer patients and as an anti-fatigue agent in kidney cancer patients treated with sunitinib.

Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) is an oxidized form of ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid is transported in its oxidized form via GLUT1 across the blood-brain barrier. Dehydroascorbic acid delay low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation when added before the initiation of the process, they accelerate the process if added to minimally oxidized LDL. Dehydroascorbic acid is used as biochemical markers of oxidative stress in clinical investigations. Dehydroascorbic acid has been used as a vitamin C dietary supplement.

Dexanabinol is the synthetic cannabinoid. It is inactive as a cannabimimetic, but exhibits pharmacological properties characteristic of an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antagonist. It blocks NMDA-receptors stereospecifically by interacting with a site close to, but distinct from, that of uncompetitive NMDA-receptor antagonists and from the recognition sites of glutamate, glycine, and polyamines. This agent also scavenges peroxy radicals and protects neurons from the damages of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, dexanabinol inhibits the activity of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), thereby preventing the expression of NF-kB target genes, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, cytokines and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Dexanabinol is a potent cerebroprotective agent, with a therapeutic window of about 4 h. Dexanabinol is safe, but is not efficacious in the treatment of traumatic brain injury. It was introduced into clinical trials for breast cancer and advanced solid tumors.

Ampyrone (4-Aminoantipyrine or AAP) is a metabolite of aminophenazone and is an aromatic substance with analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties. When combined with the antineoplastic agents, ampyrone decreased their genotoxic, mutagenic, apoptotic, and phagocytic effects. However, ampyrone usually produces side effects, such as the risk of agranulocytosis. Although ampyrone is scarcely ever administered as an analgesic because of the potential side effects, as a raw material, it is mostly used to produce ampyrone derivatives, which have better biological activities. In addition, it is used as a reagent for biochemical reactions producing peroxides or phenols and can also be used to detect phenols in the environment. Exposure to ampyrone could induce changes in the enzyme catalase structure and function.

Aegeline is a compound extracted from Aegle marmelos (bael), a plant that has a long history of use in Ayurvedic medicine. Aegeline inhibited the histamine release from RBL-2H3 cells induced by DNP(24)-BSA. Aegeline showed strong inhibition when RBL-2H3 cells induced by Ca(2+) stimulants such as thapsigargin and ionomycin. Tthe inhibitory effects of aegeline on the histamine release from mast cells depended on the type of mast cell and also involved some mechanisms related to intracellular Ca(2+) signaling events via the same target of the action of thapsigargin or downstream process of intracellular Ca(2+) signaling in mast cells. Aegeline has shown antihyperglycemic as well as antidyslipidemic activities in the validated animal models of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although some evidence from animal studies suggests that aegeline might lower blood sugar, this potential effect has never been studied in humans. This compound has been used as an ingredient in weight-loss aid products too, but again there is no evidence that it is effective for weight loss in humans. FDA recently issued an information update stating that FDA along with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are investigating more that 50 cases of liver damage. FDA also issued a warning letter to a company marketing a dietary supplement that contains aegeline, because it is not currently recognized as a legitimate ingredient for dietary supplements.