Omaveloxolone (RTA-408) is a synthetic triterpenoid exerting antioxidant inflammation modulator properties. It activates the transcription factor Nrf2 and inhibits NF-κB signaling. Omaveloxolone demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. Reata Pharmaceuticals is developing omaveloxolone for the treatment of cancers, Friedreich's ataxia and mitochondrial disorders.

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is the methyl ester of fumaric acid. DMF was initially recognized as a very effective hypoxic cell radiosensitizer. Later, DMF combined with three other fumaric acid esters (FAE) was licensed in Germany as oral therapy for psoriasis (trade name Fumaderm). Phase III clinical trials found that DMF (BG-12) successfully reduced relapse rate and increased time to progression of disability in multiple sclerosis (trade name Tecfidera). DMF is thought to have immunomodulatory properties without significant immunosuppression. The mechanism of action of dimethyl fumarate in multiple sclerosis is not well understood. It is thought to involve dimethyl fumarate degradation to its active metabolite monomethyl fumarate (MMF) then MMF up-regulates the Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) pathway that is activated in response to oxidative stress. Dimethyl fumarate is marketed under the brand name Tecfidera.

Dyclonine is an local anesthetic used to provide topical anesthesia to mucous membranes through sodium channel inhibition. It is the active ingredient in Sucrets, an over-the-counter throat lozenge. It has been used as a local anesthetic agent prior to laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy, esophagoscopy, or endotracheal intubation. However, oral solutions no longer are commercially available in the US. Recently, additional activities of dyclonine have been discovered. Dyclonine represents a novel therapeutic strategy that can potentially be repurposed for the treatment of Friedreich's ataxia. Dyclonine enhances the cytotoxic effect of proteasome inhibitors on cancer and multiple myeloma cells.

Acteoside (verbsacoside) is the one of the main active phenylethanoid glycosides from Cistanche deserticola, Lantana camara and some others herbs. It is known to have antioxidant and neuroprotective activity, and herbs containing it are used to enhance memory and can be studied for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. It is known, that amyloid fibrils accumulation in cerebral can easily lead to neurodegenerative disorders. Acteoside has been reported to inhibit Aβ42 aggregation by activating nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), increasing heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. It has also been shown that acteoside could decrease nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and caspase-3 expression. Acteoside is a natural antioxidant product unlike other anti-tumor compounds, is an inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC). In addition Reh-acteoside, a general acteoside of Rehmannia leaves was studied in phase 2/3 clinical trials for patients with IgA nephropathy.

Sulforaphane is a naturally-occurring phytochemical belonging to the class of isothiocyanates. As the aglycone metabolite of glucosinolate glucoraphanin (sulforaphane glucosinolate), sulforaphane acts as an antioxidant and potent stimulator of endogenous detoxifying enzymes. This agent displays anticarcinogenic properties due to its ability to induce phase II detoxification enzymes, such as glutathione S-transferase and quinone reductase, thereby providing protection against certain carcinogens and toxic, reactive oxygen species. Broccoli sprouts contain large amounts of sulforaphane, which is also found in other cruciferous vegetables including cabbage and kale. Sulforaphane is under investigation for the treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Schizophrenia.

Tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) or 2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,4-benzenediol is an antioxdant found to inhibit lipid oxidation. Extensive studies have demonstrated that tBHQ exhibit anti-carcinogenic effect. The ability of tBHQ to induce phase II xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes through an Nrf2-dependent pathway is thought to be responsible for the observed protective effect of tBHQ. It has been proposed that tBHQ enhances Nrf2-mediated transcription by promoting reactive oxygen species-mediated dissociation of Nrf2-Keap1, Nrf2 stabilization, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt activity, and MAPK pathway activation. tBHQ has been commonly used as a synthetic food additive to prevent oils and fats from oxidative deterioration and rancidity due to its potent anti-lipid peroxidation activity.

Kavain is the main kavalactone found mostly in the roots of the kava plant. Kavain interacts with voltage-dependent Na+ and Ca2+ channels, GABAA ion channels. Kavain is found to be involved in TNF-alpha expression in human and mouse cells via regulation transcriptional factors. Kavain exhibits neuroprotective effects in models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and produces anxyolitic effect.

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is the methyl ester of fumaric acid. DMF was initially recognized as a very effective hypoxic cell radiosensitizer. Later, DMF combined with three other fumaric acid esters (FAE) was licensed in Germany as oral therapy for psoriasis (trade name Fumaderm). Phase III clinical trials found that DMF (BG-12) successfully reduced relapse rate and increased time to progression of disability in multiple sclerosis (trade name Tecfidera). DMF is thought to have immunomodulatory properties without significant immunosuppression. The mechanism of action of dimethyl fumarate in multiple sclerosis is not well understood. It is thought to involve dimethyl fumarate degradation to its active metabolite monomethyl fumarate (MMF) then MMF up-regulates the Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) pathway that is activated in response to oxidative stress. Dimethyl fumarate is marketed under the brand name Tecfidera.